Beginning and Physical development in Infancy

Physical development of infants usually depends on their nutritional, hereditary and environmental factors. In some cases physical or psychological abnormalities after birth or during pregnancy also determines physical development of an infant. For a child to develop fully physically, he or she requires optimum nutritional requirements and healthy environment to grow in.During birth of a child, the infant has no ability to control their body movements and in this case most of the movements noticed are reflexes since their nervous system by this time is partially developed (Promin, 1986).Infants do not recognize objects which are far from them but by 6 months their visual ability develops fully and they can see distance objects. At around the age of four, most of the children have their muscles fully developed and they can sit and support themselves for quite a short time. Therefore, most of the physical development in infants takes place between births up to the age of 6 months where by the infant can be able to notice changes in the environment.Debate of nature versus nurture rotates around biological and environmental factors. The nature of this debate is argumentative because it is understood in the world of science today. Some people view behavioral origin of most infants as issues contributed by the environmental factors which they are brought up in. These are the natural aspect of behavior. Some other scientists argue that behavior portrayed by infants and children are as a result of hereditary factors that they acquire from the genes of their parents.Source of nurture can be understood by studying behavior of the way an infant grows physically in regard to the environment which he or she is being brought up in. Some people argue that physical and motor growth is usually controlled by an automatic natural process (UNEP, 2008). Both of these theories in regard to nurture and nature can be acknowledged through study of child psychology. Various studies and e xperiments have been carried out by psychologists and scientist so that they can establish the main cause of certain behaviors in children as they grow up.According to various studies carried out, early years of child development can be influenced by environmental situation which usually cause personalities, beliefs, attitude sexual preference and other behaviors which occur in children. For example, the environment that a child is brought up basically determines the behavior of that child; those children who are brought up by single parents are quite different in their behavior development from those who are brought up by both parents from when the child is an infant to the time the child reach Adolescent stage.The issue of step parenting also affects the development of a child greatly since there are those behavior that the child exhibits that the parent can not understand since they are hereditary and the step parent is not aware of them.. In most cases when children are brought up by step parents, the environment of the affected children can be altered. This brings about the issue of situational difference which can be traumatic to children’s life and therefore their lives have been hence influenced by upbringing.This has not been overshadowed by hereditary source of behavior since they will bear some behavioral characteristic of their original parents (Lamb et al. 2002). Traumatic child’s event as a, result of their up bringing and the genetic characteristics that they acquire from their parents have raised a lot of concern on sexual orientation of a child. These behaviors in most cases are caused by erratic situational difference which can result to inner conflict between environmental and hereditary factors. The issue of sexual orientation is least influenced by genetic factors since it is not governed by chromosomes or genes.Most of the sexual behaviors that children adopt are determined by their environmental upbringing. Some children ca n also develop varying behaviors even if they are brought up in the same environment. Many psychologists have tried to carry out various studies on relationship between parents and siblings, the way they grow and their behavior. For example, naughtiness in young children who are usually controlled on their naughty behavior by their mothers can be associated by the environmental cause of behavior as a result of poor methods of parenting.According to studies, this can not be true since some children can inherit these behaviors from parents instead of being taken as poor parenting techniques. Parents should be given credit less for a good outcome of behavior of their children or else they should not be blamed since the behavior can be as a result of genetic factor or hereditary factor. Therefore, one cannot determine exactly what has caused that behavior change in child. According to various arguments, children are usually born the same way but due to the environment that they are brou ght up in, they continues to grow according to the demands of nature.Some of the expressions such as temperaments can be associated with genetic factors. In disciplining the child, it is quite necessary for parent to determine which behavior is impacted by the environmental factor and the one which is as a result of upbringing of a child. Therefore nature versus nurture plays quite similar role in determining the behavior of a child during child’s development. Both environmental factors and hereditary factors contribute greatly to the behavior of a child and also physical growth of a child which encompasses even the general health of a child.Environmental raising and intelligence origin are mainly contributed by nurture and nature in formation of behavior by the child. In today’s world, after extensive research and other theories which support child’s development have been evaluated, it is true that nurture and nature contributes to the origin of child’s behavior characteristic. The quality of environment that a child is brought up in determines the survival rate of a child in early days of life. This determines child’s physical and mental growth.Children are always at risk of these environmental factors due to their immature organs, small physical size low metabolic rate, curiosity and behavior. Most of the global diseases are usually attributed by negative environmental factors such as air pollution, dirty water, poor sanitations and other aspect such as vector-transmitted diseases. Due to these aspects, there are a number of abnormalities which can be impacted by environmental factors. Environment influence can play a vital role in physical and mental development of a child.For example, Down syndrome is one of the mental conditions which are impacted to a child at early age due to environmental influence. During early days of a child, environment that a child is brought up in determines his/her future life. Children who ar e suffering from Down syndrome have low motivation of performing tasks. These can be contributed by environmental experiences of a child. This has been investigated by gauging the motivation of an infant to perform various tasks. In most cases, mystery of motivation is usually a intrinsic factor which is usually manifested in behavior of a child as he or she grows up.This shows the difference in mystery behavior of different individuals. All these behaviors are contributed by environmental factors. According to various studies, Down syndrome is reinforced and controlled by environmental factors since they greatly attribute to the behavior of an infant. Many researchers have tried to come up with any environmental factors which cause Down syndrome but they have not established any of them since it is believed that Down syndrome according to physiologist is a genetic disorder but it can rather be contributed by environmental set up.Down syndrome as a result of environmental factor can result to:- Input in material language and the general outcome of studies of language intervention. In studying these factors, one should identify various factors which facilitate language within the natural environment and then evaluate how the environment has manipulated language development of that individual. There are a number of risk factors which influences development of a child. Some of these factors in child’s development can be positively or negatively impacted by various aspects such as environmental factors.Genetic factors in most of the environmental set up are quite dynamic and therefore they keep on changing constantly over time. Genetic factors which children inherit from their parents can be developed or lost depending on the environmental background that they grow in. environmental factors can promote optimum development in infant. Some genetic factors such as temperament, Disease and brightness of infants can be impacted either positively or negatively by environment (Health School Environment, 2005). Temperament or behavior that a child exhibits is usually associated with parent.This should not always be true since environment that a child is brought up in. some behaviors that children exhibits such as abuse, bad eating habits and other petty behaviors can be attributed by the environmental upbringing of child, those children whom he/she relates with or the physical set up and behavior of most individuals in those areas. But some aspects such as temperament which a child can acquire from parent can be developed if the environment that he/she is brought up in is hostile and requires that form of behavior.On the other hand, if the environment that a child grows in is calm, this behavior is not portrayed in child as he/she grows up since he/she has not been able to exercise temperament form of behavior as they grow. Another genetic factor is acquisition of diseases from parent which are known to be hereditary. Depending on the environ mental background that a child is brought up in, the disease can either manifest itself or not. Some diseases such as Down syndrome which is usually hereditary can also be developed or controlled depending on the environmental set up that a child is brought up in.If the environment is friendly and interactive the child’s IQ can develop well and therefore the risk of child manifesting the symptoms of Down syndrome is reduced. In other cases, if the environmental set up is not friendly and the people who are involved in bringing up the child are not interactive, then the IQ of an infant will remain low and therefore the brain of the child will not develop as its required which makes the infant to show the symptoms of down syndrome.Therefore, the environmental setup which a child is brought up in can either help to positively or negatively in develop various hereditary characteristics that a child acquires from the parents. Pregnant women can give birth to physically, emotionall y and intellectually healthy babies depending on the environment and emotional aspect they carry their pregnancy through. When one is pregnant, she should ensure that exercise and healthy eating habits are enhanced so that the outcome of the pregnancy is a healthy baby in all the aspects.Emotional status of pregnant woman accounts a lot of the fitness of the baby in all the aspects of development such as physical, emotional or intellectual aspect. Good parenting begins the time one became pregnant. This is because the baby who is born, his mental, physical and intellectual capacity is determined by the status that the mother was in during the 9 months pregnancy period. Child’s growth can still develop after birth, whereby parents are held responsible for training their children during their development (Christian, 2006).Physical growth is maintained by proper diet and living in environment which is free from infections such as dusty environment which can cause allergic infect ions. Parents should ensure that their children are physically fit by taking necessary care and precautions needed to live a healthy life. Little effort is employed especially when a child is taken care of at early age since the child can be able to emulate the behaviors of the parent and other older siblings. Emotional and intellectual well being of a child can be enhanced in child’s early life by training the child on good behavior.As a good parent, one should initially understand the child well and find out the cause of behavior that the child portrays. To ensure that a child is emotionally fit, review of the behavior of that child is quite necessary since they will portray intellectual capability of a child in carrying out various tasks. Good parents usually discipline their children when they conduct themselves poorly. But before punishing a child parent should try and evaluate the cause of poor behavior whether is as a result of environmental influence or hereditary beh avior from either parent.Incase it is as a result of environmental influenced the child should be punished so that he or she cannot repeat it again. On the other hand, if the behavior is hereditary, child should be counseled accordingly by the parent on the ways to avoid such behavior in future. Therefore good parenting can be enhanced which finally result to raising up a family which is intellectually, physically and emotionally fit and therefore the growth of babies can be healthy. Motor skill development according to dynamic system theory.Parents should be involved in various activities with their children so that they can help them to develop their fine and gross motor skills. These skills can affect the child adversely if they are not developed. These skills help a child to perform well in various tasks such as academic and physical growth. Fine motor skills according to dynamics theory enable a child to manipulate objects and to write (Lamb, 2002). They take activities in such things as painting.This should be enhanced by exchanging brushes, carrying out puzzles which help to control finger movement, play dough, cutting and threading. Some of these activities are aimed at manipulating hands to help in developing their motor activities. Other motor skills such as gross motor skills helps in developing big motor skills, these activities involves activities such as jumping, running, climbing, hopping, skipping and other activities which helps the whole body movement. These activities develop the muscles of the body and legs.These skills only require a lot of coordination and development of balance. When children develop these motor skills, they can be able to carry on with various movement needed for their survival. Therefore, parents need to work with their children during their early ages in developing so that they can understand them as they grow and also to help to develop their skills effectively. Children development, health and their safety should be enhanced by the environmental aspect that they bring up children in.For parents to serve their children well, they must ensure that they work hand in hand with their families and in order to enhance this, they must understand their children before taking any action on them. Good development of the child depend entirely on nurturing the child the best way at early stages before they reach adolescent where they are uncontrollable. Reference: Lamb E. et al. (2002). Development in infancy: An introduction. United State: Lawrence Erlbaum Association. Christian L. , (2006).Understanding Families. Journal of National Association for Education for Young Children, Retrieved from: http://www. journal. naeyc. org/about/permissions. asp Promin M. , (1986), Development, Genetics and Psychology. United State: Lawrence Erlbaum Association. Health School Environment. (2005). Environmental Impact in School Setting. Retrieved from http://www. nasn. org/Default. aspx? tabid=293 UNEP, (2008) Children Environmental Health. Retrieved from; http://www. nyo. unep. org/ceht. htm

Three Gorges Dam: Its Background and Relevance

This report examines the Three Gorge dam project and its impacts on the environment, the people it will effect and measures that can be taken as an alternative to the dam. I will discuss the Chinese government's reasoning for constructing the dam and the negative aspects of such a construction. Then I will explain the more environmentally friendly and logical alternatives. The concept of the Three Gorge dam is over 75 years old, dating back to when it was first proposed by the nationalist leader Sun Yat-Sen, in 1919. The dam was a dream of communist leader Mao Zedong, who felt it would be a potent symbol of China's self-sufficiency and ability to develop without western aid. The state media has reported only the rosy side of the Three Gorges project, presenting it as a powerful symbol of a new, prosperous China. Outgoing Premier Li Peng said the Three Gorges Dam would †demonstrate to the world that the Chinese people have the ability to build the biggest and most beneficial irrigation and hydro-electric project in the world†. The Three Gorges refers to a 120-mile stretch of limestone cliffs along the upper reaches of the Yangzi River where the water drops precipitously through the Qutang, Wu, and Xiling gorges. The region is linked to folklore and important historical events, and its beauty has inspired Chinese painters and classical poets such as Li Bai for centuries. The dam, which will be 1. 3 miles long and 610 feet high, is expected to be completed by 2009. It will create a 385 mile-long reservoir stretching back up the river that will totally engulf the Three Gorges, as well as 115,000 acres of rich farmland, thirteen cities, hundreds of villages, and countless historic temples and archaeological sites. Between 1. 4 and 1. 9 million people will need to be resettled. The proponents of the dam claim that the introduction of such a large amount of clean hydroelectric power into China's rapidly expanding economy will mean a significant reduction in the emission of fossil fuel pollution. First, it will generate 18000 megawatts of electricity, which would reduce the country's reliance on coal by one tenth. Hence reducing China's overall greenhouse gases. Second, it will prevent the periodical flooding of the Yangzi, which has already claimed the lives of half a million this century alone. The dam is expected to cut incidents of serious flood from once in 10 years to once in 100 years. At present 15 million lives are at stake as the river rises higher above the surrounding land because of sediment deposits on the riverbed, while dikes can no longer be raised safely. Third, it will make the upper part of the Yangzi more navigable, â€Å"raising the river's navigable tonnage by a big margin†. Improved navigability would allow ocean-going freighters to penetrate the depths of China's remote Southwest, bringing much needed economic development and prosperity to the region. The project is also expected to develop reservoir fisheries, stimulate tourism in and around the reservoir, improve water quality downstream, protect the lake areas downstream, and enable south-to-north water transfer sometime in the next century. 4. 0 Dilemmas surrounding dam construction There are many problems entangled with the construction of such a dam, two of which stand out. First, the fact that so many civilians have to be moved against their will. 13 cities, 140 towns, more than 1600 villages, and 300 factories will be submerged, and nearly 1. 5 million people relocated. Second, the effects that the rise in level of river will have on the environment. This includes the destruction of habitats for at least four indigenous species in the area. According to official figures, 10. 2 million people have been relocated for the construction of dams in the past in China. In each case, there have been economic or political problems that has often led to intimidation and sometimes violence to force the people to resettle. This is due to people's reluctance to leave their homes, which can be attributed to poor planning on the government's part. The number of people to be resettled in the Three Gorges dam project has been estimated to range between 700,000 to 1. 98 million. Such variation in figures is due to the fact that it depends on whether the information was gathered by the dam's supporters or critics. There has been a large amount of local opposition to the dam. Their opposition is mainly based on the poor record of China's Ministry of Water Resources, which includes the collapse of 62 dams in the past due to poor design. However, since the Chinese government never acknowledged such disasters in the past, it could not be brought up in hearings on the Three Gorge project. People in the effected area who have in the past organised against the dam were arrested and sentenced to prison for â€Å"counter-revolution† and the police presence in the area has since been increased. The local officials are not quite helping ease the situation. The distribution of compensation money by local authorities (US$1300 per person) offered to people displaced by the dam has been tainted by corruption. 105 local party officials involved in the project have been arrested already. Almost half of the project's resettlers are farmers. But since there is an inadequate amount of farmland left to be shared, the officials have planned for moving the resettlers into industrial jobs. This is quite an impossible task considering that the farmers have been farming in their area for generations and have absolutely no expertise in industrial work. It is a great concern that the construction of the dam will result in the destruction of the natural habitats of many of China's indigenous wildlife species. This includes the Chinese alligator, the white crane, the river dolphin and the prehistoric Chinese sturgeon, a fish unique to Yangzi waters. Experts warn that, by forever changing the hydrology of the river for thousands of miles, the dam will destroy commercial fish stocks and deprive the complex floodplain agricultural systems of the water and silt they need. Hence threatening the livelihoods of 75 million people who live on fishing or farming along the Yangzi's bank. Even if the 75 million people find another source to live on, there is yet another problem to be solved; toxic pollution. The factories along the Yangzi river are so polluting that over 200 paper mills and tanneries have already been closed down around the Three Gorges dam site to boost environmental protection. The contamination of the river by the toxic chemicals may increase due to the 1600 factories in the area that are not cleaned up and moved before the waters begin to rise. China is the world's second leading producer of greenhouse gases. If China's current growth rates continue, it will need to develop an additional 17,000 megawatts of energy per year for the next decade. And if coal is used to generate this energy, the environmental impacts could be disastrous. Whether or not the dam is constructed, hydropower will only account for no more than 20% of China's electricity generated by year 2010. This shows that coal will be used even more widely than it is now, to meet energy needs. Hence the dam will not have much impact on helping meet energy needs. China needs to find a cleaner, more efficient way of creating power. The Three Gorge reservoir is currently designed to hold 20 billion cubic meters at the flood level. But this capacity is only equivalent to 4% of the total run off water in the region. â€Å"It is obvious from common sense that this capacity could not hold back flood waters enough to reduce significantly the flood risk at the lower reaches. † Another problem is the fact that the Yangzi carries a large amount of silt. This silt can be carried all the way to the dam and a big ‘mud pond' could result. There is no such technology available to divert or collect the silt at the dam. From an ecological point of view, the dam will be clogged by the large silt deposits, in the Yangzi, and will also trap much of the pollutants that normally would be washed out to the ocean. Along the Yangzi, about 80 percent of the cities do not have sewage systems, and it is cheaper to dump the waste in the river instead of a sewage treatment plant. Burial grounds in both Wushan and Fengjie counties, Sichuan are known to have been dynamited to make way for scientific excavations in advance of the dam project. One thousand tombs dating between the Han and Ming periods (206 BC to AD 1644) were also blasted away. The problem lies with lack of funding. The initial budget (US$250 million) for excavation and preservation was reduced to US$37. 5 million. Only a small amount of this sum has been distributed to local authorities because government officials have been unable to decide which agency should administer the funds. The Three Gorges dam will be the most expensive single construction project in history. The Chinese leaders are so determined to build the dam, that they haven't considered whether it is economically viable. In 1992 the official cost of the dam was set to US$11 billion. Estimates now exceed US$75 billion. This could slow down China's recent economic boom. The dam project is heavily funded by foreign export agencies. If people in foreign countries were to stop foreign investors and government organisations which support the project, the Chinese officials would have no choice but to reconsider their plans. But since it is not in the foreign investors' best interest monetarily, they have kept supporting the Chinese government. Hydrological experts have argued that effective flood management includes dyking, flood proofing, flood warning systems, diversion areas, and development restrictions in floodplain and designated diversion areas and that dams are not always the answer. The Chinese officials' mentality is that the â€Å"biggest structure† is the best structure, but what they must realize is that it does not mean the best structure. That Chinese hydropower could be produced on a number of tributaries that flow into the Yangzi. This procedure has been proven by scientific examples that prove that separate dams will produce more power and last longer then one main dam. Sedimentation of separate dams would be less and these dams would be able to preserve China's cultural history. The greater amount of smaller dams would cause less soil erosion and more power for a much lower cost. It would be able to compete with China's booming industrial sectors and preserve the aquatic life. The construction of these smaller dams could also mean that it would lesson the amount of people to be resettled, and would save the Chinese government billions of dollars. However, the smaller dams would not allow large transportation of cargo down the river. Based on a recent study by United States and Chinese energy research institutes, which compared conventional sources with advanced generating technologies, cleaner alternatives, such as smaller gas turbines or cogeneration plants were found to be more economical for power generation than big hydro dams. Combined cycle gas turbines could provide power with lower capital costs and greater reliability than the Three Gorges dam and with far fewer emissions than conventional coal plants. Combined cycle plants are commonly fuelled with natural gas, which burns more thoroughly than solid or liquid fuels. And unlike coal, it contains no heavy metals or sulfur emissions that cause acid rain. Combined cycle plants can be installed and generating power reliably within nine months to two or three years for larger units. Three Gorges dam is scheduled to take 17 years. In addition energy specialists argue, that switching from coal to gas, and using new technology of combined cycle gas turbines or cogeneration, would create greater environmental benefits than the Three Gorges dam by a 60% reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. Whereas the Three Gorges dam would reduce carbon dioxide emissions by only 5%.

Personal statement UCAs Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

UCAs - Personal Statement Example Consequently, the experience has heightened my aspiration to study IT, which I believe will give me an opportunity to serve, as well as enable me to put into practice the skills I have been able to gain through time. My desire to study IT emanates from the successful installation of a software program connecting all the departments in my fathers business. With this successful installation, there was a significant change in the operations of the business, as well as a remarkable business growth. The installation reduced the volume of paperwork that the members of staff were using by approximately 50-60%, which improved the operational efficiency. Apart from ensuring that the business operations were efficient, the installation ensured business growth of up to 30%. This success created a drive in me to study this course so that I could gain additional knowledge in the IT field. In preparation for my university studies, I am currently taking a foundation year course in Cambridge, where I will be studying IT and programming. Part of this course is pure mathematics. I believe that this course will be beneficial as a foundation for pursuing the computer science course. During my years I school, I was an exceptional performer in academics, scoring 120 points out of 125 in the Uniform National Examinations. This has given me the opportunity to study in any university in the country, Kazakhstan, free of charge. However, I chose to study in the UK because its best chance to get good experience, quality education and it also prestige. I will also be able to make friends and maybe share experience as I advance in my career. Apart from participating in the school projects, during the weekends and vacation periods, I usually assist in my father’s company. By voluntarily giving assistance to the staff members, I utilize some of the skills that I get from the school projects, which include logical thinking, problem solving and informatics, as well as knowledge from the studies. Service provision is an essential skill that someone might be required to develop, as a way of making sure that he or she perform his or her duties efficiently and effectively. Apart from developing these skills, it is necessary to have the required qualifications that will enable me to perform according to the organizational and professional requirements. My experience as a programmer in my father’s organization developed in me a desire to be a better person in serving people. More importantly, the experience developed in me the desire to try to succeed so that I would provide services to the government, which will be beneficial in improving the governmental efficiency. I believe that these basic experiences were vital to prove my dedication and determination in accomplishing some of the things that I desire to achieve in my career. I am enthusiastic about the coming year and I look forward to participating in an activity that will be fulfilling and will lead me int o the right path to develop my career further. I can only achieve such a fete through obtaining appropriate training, which will enable me to harness the knowledge for developing and implementing the systems. Getting the opportunity to study and hone my skills will be a huge step in the attainment of my desire to improve on organizational efficiencies. Bibliography Bouwman, H. (2005). Information and communication technology in organizations: adoption, implementation,

Svedka Vodka Strategy Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Svedka Vodka Strategy - Article Example However there was a gap in between the high end and the low end, i.e. there was no mid sized segment in the market as of now. In this scenario there was a chance of launching a new product into the vacuum mid sized segment with suitable marketing strategies and outlook. â€Å"Svedka† the to be launched mid segment vodka had many obstacles to encounter for entering into the already established vodka market. Since it was new, new techniques both in the production and marketing levels have to be adopted. The product should be of high drinking quality and should be distinguished for its soft silky drinkability. 1. Branded vodka has its mark in US market. International brands like Smirnoff, Absolut etc have created brand awareness in the market. The prices offered by both these leading brands were in between $20 and $25. Svedka was planned to introduce in the mid sized segment because there were no real competitors in the offing. Moreover cost reduction techniques like outsourcing of production which was a major strength of Svedka enabled the product to be sold on a lower price. The under $10 market of vodka was nearly 80% of the total market share of the spirit therefore the chances of success of Svedka is bright provided it be introduced in a planned way. A competitive pricing strategy should be adopted for this purpose, may be market oriented pricing or penetrating pricing(Kotler,Keller,Brady,Goodman&Hansen). The real competitor for Svedka would be from Smirnoff which was selling vodka a price of $10 per bottle, Smirnoff enjoyed a huge 19.7% share in the market. However by the entrance of Absolut, Smirnoff was under pressure. Therefore if Svedka was introduced properly in the mid tier segment, it could really tap the potential and give a real time competition to Smirnoff. The other brands which are under $10 per bottle are Gordon and Popov, which have only a very little market share. Another important aspect in this scenario is that Svedka due to its cost effective strategy is able to offer of 25% to wholesaler and 30% to 35% to retailers. This is considerably high according to normal industrial standards hence it could provide a boost to wholesalers and retailers to sell Svedka. 2. Marketing strategy is a process by which an organization concentrates on its limited resources and cashes on its greatest opportunities in order to increase sales and achieve a sustainable and competitive advantage. The marketing strategy should be centered on customer satisfaction (Kotler,Keller,Brady,Goodman&Hansen). Customers are more aware of prices of the products they buy along with the quality. Of course, Svedka has quality because it is manufactured raw. Therefore the price segment should be given much importance. The market share of low priced vodka is around 80% therefore Svedka if priced less, I.e, below $10 could command greater respect from its customers. Another important aspect that has to be considered is the reach of the product to the cu stomers. For this purpose a brand image has to be created just like Smirnoff used to do. Svedka should appeal to new vodka drinkers along with up graders. It should be a choice for both price driven groups. Target customers who are not brand loyal but young should be tapped and developed. Advertising should be cost effective and appealing like eye shelf

Roles and Responsibilities of Government, NGOs and Volunteer Essay

Roles and Responsibilities of Government, NGOs and Volunteer Organizations. M2S - Essay Example Risk governance capacities requires incremental decentralization coupled with clear mandates, systems of subsidiarity, and budgets to promote ownership as well as risk governance improvement at all levels (GAR, 2011). Health. Strong health services and good health are vital in reduction of disasters’ risks. Government must provide effective health systems for supporting individuals in response and recovery from disasters and protecting them from the disaster-related risks. Thus, government must prioritize emergency preparedness, risk reduction, and planning in health sector (Merlin, 2004). Environmental and transportation: Governments must ensure vulnerable areas are well prepared through such initiatives as construction of dams and drainage systems in flood-prone areas. Such areas must also have reliable infrastructure system to help in response towards disaster (Merlin, 2004). Effects of Government Roles and Responsibilities on NGOs and Volunteer Organization. Once the government meets its roles and responsibilities in disaster preparedness and management, the NGOs and voluntary organizations, which come in to assist, will have a simpler task as they will use the already established networks in their rescue missions. Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (GAR). (2011). Reforming Risk Governance, retrieved on March 22, 2012 from:

American Flatbread Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American Flatbread - Case Study Example The mission statement indicates that the value of the business is customer satisfaction and employee safety. George Schenk owns the American flatbread company and values community service based on healthy food as well as environmentally friendly workplace. Besides, he values quality and integrity achieved by perfecting simple menus that appeal to families and other pizza lovers. Schenk has been able to bring his own vision concerning food through making a popular American flatbread sold both locally and to other states. Making clean and healthy food has seen his efforts appreciated nationally. Also providing support to the community through hosting regular benefit bakes. Father, he expanded the facility to a wholesale and retail outlets and involves himself in the daily operations of making a stable food model which is reorganized worldwide. American flatbread supports business practices, which are socially responsible through participation in community organizations other than buying local products as much as possible. Occasionally, American flatbread holds meetings that are aimed at raising funds to benefit the community and giving attention to individuals who deserve it (Craig 1). The needy are also considered by the company as they are able to have free flatbreads. Educating children about food through accommodating class trips to enable them make their own pizza. Small business owners should be close with their employees in their communities to enable mutual understanding and fairness that is beneficial in a two way. This also enables a peaceful coexistence of the business and the community members. The benefits associated with franchising a business includes building a vision that is shared and helping in stimulating deeper conversations with the entire community through purchasing and sharing of benefits from the business. The small business franchises may also benefit directly through showcasing already

Autobiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Autobiography - Essay Example Besides, I hope that my autobiography will be helpful for those who are ready to follow their dreams and to make use of each and every opportunity in life. Introduction Some people say that life is full of happiness and one must be enthusiastic towards life. But some others say that life is not that much easy and one must be cautious about the unexpected problems in life. When I was a child, I got confused because some were optimistic and some others were pessimistic towards life. Once, I discussed this problem with my mother. She pointed out that this difference was due to one’s outlook on life because pessimistic people provide importance to the darker side of life and the optimistic people provide importance to the brighter side of life. Then, I came to realize the fact that one need not grumble on one’s personal problems. Instead, one must try to find out an apt solution to overcome one’s personal problems. This is the most important lesson taught by my mothe r and it deeply influenced the course of my life. About my family and me Do you consider 1987 as an important year in the calendar? I guess 1987 may be an unimportant year for you. But for me, 1987 is the most important year in my life. To be specific, I my parents heard my first cry in 1987, the exact date, April, 21. My ancestry is deeply rooted in Dominican Republic, where I spent my childhood years. I need to provide a clearer picture of my native place. The City of Santiago is my exact birthplace. My city belongs to the northern part of my motherland. Brown (1999) states that, â€Å"Santiago de los Treinta Caballeros (â€Å"The Town of Thirty Gentlemen†), commonly referred to simply as Santiago, was initially founded in 1498 by Columbus who built a fort on a hill bordering the Yaque River† (p.10). I feel so proud of my native place (city) because it is generally considered as a cultural hub in Dominican Republic. Besides, this city provides ample importance for in dustrial development. If you happen to visit my city, you can see a number of industries based upon leather goods, especially, shoes and other type of apparels. Another importance of my city is that it is surrounded by a number of mountains which act the role of a natural barrier against natural calamities. Besides, my city is rich in natural resources, especially dense forests. Coming back to the point, my parents are blessed by three children, Jairon Fortuna (my older brother), Victor Fortuna Jr. (my younger brother), and me. My father’s name is Victor Fortuna, and my mother’s name is Elida Pacheco. So, my childhood with my parents and my brothers is most memorable because I can recollect each and every incident happened during my childhood. My life in Dominican Republic My life in City of Santiago, Dominican Republic, was enriched by pre-school memories. One can see that pre-school (Kindergarten) life is so special for a child who is so enthusiastic towards learning new things. I considered learning as a natural phenomenon in human life and this attitude helped me a lot to be a successful student. For instance, my school life at the Luz Y Vida School in the City of Santiago proved to be successful and memorable. Besides, I did not consider the process of studying as a burden and tiresome effort. This attitude towards school education helped me to gain acceptance from my teachers and friends. The end result was two awards, one for perfect attendance and another for good behavior at school. Later in 1997, my family moved to

Analyze a particular area of the film industry Essay

Analyze a particular area of the film industry - Essay Example I am not the lone exception. My career objective has always been to offer the best for my customers keep them updated on the changes immediately and learn to cope with the challenges that arise so as to try to come up with a conducive environment for my customers. Successful businesses are customer focused. They let their entire business evolve around their customers. It involves thinking on how one can sell what they want to create. Using creativity to avail what a customer wants. Finding means and ways of reaching large numbers of people. Not only majoring their marketing to only their nations but also reaching the entire world if possible. This is today made easier through the advancing technology in marketing (Armstrong and Sweeney, 1994). Operational marketing attracts and keeps customers by providing prompt services to them. They do this at the shortest time possible at the highest level of quality. They meet and exceed customer expectations in cost and time frame. They are inc orporated in the marketing and advertisement so as to ensure its process remains of highest quality at the same time allows the company handle a large number of transactions as fast as possible. They act as the links between the business and the customers (Honeycutt et. Al., 1995). Practical aspects of marketing on film industry/culture sector. Several practical aspects of marketing on film industry/ culture sector have been realized in the past few years. This has led to the advancement and easiness in marketing as a whole. Just to mention few-: Digital marketing is a highly practical and advance level course for those who work in independent film festivals. Its main aim is to develop a network of digital marketing experts. To ensure the sector of the cultural cinema uses appropriately the potential of digital marketing to engage the audience. This has made marketing even faster (Jackson and Artola, 1997). Mapping of the creative industry has helped in the solving of the complex ch allenges faced in the past centuries. It solves the problem of polarization and inequality between nations. It avails strategies to unleash the creative potential of each and everyone to respond to the far reaching cultural, economic, technological and social shift that man is living through (Jeurissen and van, 1998). Job creation-: a majority of the developing and the industrialized countries have started programs for promoting the micro, small and medium enterprises at the courtesy of their job creation. This helps the youths and those without permanent jobs to be self employed hence reduction of the rate of unemployment. This has also led to the wide spread of the film industry. Remote areas can now access the industry through the various awareness being created in their vicinity (DCMS, 2001). Emergence of new industries-: the satisfaction of peoples thirst and demand of cultural products in social, cultural and technological changes has increased. This is due to the emergence of new industries. It has led to new forms of entertainment, distractions and inspiration. They include computer games, web designs among others (Hesmondhalgh, 2002). They have replaced older cultural industries. It has also brought a very positive gain on the youths. It helps in curbing the loitering and bad behaviors that may arise due to idleness. Film and screen studies helps in the development of critical understanding of film and screen theory. To criticize and appreciate the relationship between film, media and culture. To provide

Microeconomics of Labour Supply Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Microeconomics of Labour Supply - Essay Example From a microeconomic perspective the labour market differs from other markets in terms of the factors of demand and supply mainly because there will be a limited supply of the resource i.e. "working hours",involved which may be further varied by many situations like epidemics,migration and increased vacations or even the wage rates currently being offered.The article discusses the correlation between employment and Labour demand and supply in the United Kingdom with the latest statistics and compares them to the employment rate in the 1970's.This has been attributed to the labour market performance which has increased since 1997 The national statistics (http://www.statistics.gov.uk/) have some good news for the British economy as they show that not only has employment increased but people are increasingly not claiming unemployment.This is because more jobs have been created and average earnings, excluding bonuses have increased (http://www.statistics.gov.uk/). Now coming to the basic model of Microeconomic supply of labour,the labour supply curve in the microeconomic model is upward sloping because higher wages will attract more and more workers .This includes the labour supply emanating from the pool of labour supply which is working for other industries or the untapped sources of labour like housewives and the younger pool of labour force who were previously lacked the incentive to work.This also has been influenced by the elasticity of labour supply. So what are these factors affecting labour supply Current wage rate prevalent in the industry is definitely an issue here as it will bring out the untapped reserves of labour.This will also be affected strongly by work opportunities,pension schemes,share option offers as well as a sanitary and safe work place free of stress and harassment.Labour supply responds to wage differentials within competing jobs so if a similar or substitute vocation will be offering better pay and benefits the labour will tend to shift to that sector.In the recent years there has been an increase in the exodus of the British labour supply to management oriented Jobs because they offer better work packages and perks like company cars and flats.However it should be noted that there can certain barriers to an industry labour supply especially if it is qualification or license based.For example one reason the wages/remuneration of lawyers and chartered accountants is so high is because they have to spend a long time training for their degrees and spend a lot of money of achieving their technical licenses.The supply of labour will increase due to occupational and geographical mobility as well mainly because then the labour will not only be able to switch jobs easily from one industry to another but they will also be better equipped to travel to far off areas to work for their jobs.Other factors include the fact whether the industrial conditions are conducive to women with families or young people struggling to get an education while earning a living.Lack of job security and future career development can play an immense role in increasing/boosting the supply of labour.Things regarding geographical mobility have changed a lot eversince UK's accession to the European Union as people from disadvantaged EU member states have a large influx into Britain and they are competing for Jobs with them.It should

Campaign Strategy Essay Example for Free

Campaign Strategy Essay 1) What are the goals of the campaign? 2) What questions need to be answered to reach those goals? This is a list of general campaign questions to help start your research process. These are not research questions. Each general campaign question should generate a list of more specific research questions. For example, What is the issue/problem? could lead to the question, What is the history of lead poisoning in our community? General questions to ask about a campaign: 1. What is the issue/problem? (Understand their arguments. ) 2. What are the solutions or alternatives? (Develop our arguments.) 3. Who else is trying to change the problem, how effective are they, and what are their solutions? (Potential allies. Locate a niche. Avoid obstacles and duplication of effort.) 4. Who can implement those solutions? Who has the power? (The Targets) 5. What kind of campaign would it take to convince them? (Feasibility test.) A. How long would victory take? What are the time constraints? B. What are tactics and paths to a victory? C. What are the opportunities or obstacles? D. What has worked for other organizations on similar campaigns? 6. Who are the other players? A. Who would support change? (Allies) B. Who opposes change? (Opposition) C. Who could become allies/opposition, but are currently neutral? 7. Does our base have the power and resources to win this campaign? 8. Will this campaign build our movement, base, or organization? WHAT IS A CAMPAIGN STRATEGY? A campaign can be seen as an organised, purposeful effort to create change, and it should be guided by thoughtful planning. Before taking action, successful campaigners learn as much as possible about: * the existing situation * who is affected by the campaign issue both positively and negatively * what changes could improve the situation * what resources, tactics and tools are available to implement a campaign that will address the issue. Campaigners use this knowledge to create their strategy, which guides them in planning, implementing, marketing, monitoring, improving and evaluating their campaign. A campaign strategy should answer the †¨following questions: Problem, Vision, Change 1. What problem are you confronting? 2. What is your vision of how the world will be, once the problem is resolved? 3. What change/s would bring about this vision? Stakeholders, Relationships,Targets 4. Who is affected, positively or negatively, by the problem? 5. How are these people or groups related to the problem and to each other? 6. Who are you trying to reach? 7. If your campaign is successful, who will be affected? Answering key questions repeatedly, at each stage of your campaign, about the problem, solution, stakeholders and targets as well as the tactics, message and tools you will use, will help develop your campaign strategy. Your campaign strategy will guide what you do and it should be updated regularly as the campaign is implemented and the situation changes. CREATE A COMMON VISION Its useful to involve your whole campaigning group in exploring the problem, your vision and the changes sought: a shared understanding of the problem will stimulate ideas about possible actions to take, and will also help your group to stay motivated and focussed during the campaign. Creating a common vision will also help determine ways to monitor, and adjust the implementation of, the campaign if necessary. Activity 1: PROBLEM SOLUTION CHANGE 1. Discuss and decide, as a group, what core problem your campaign seeks to address. Elaborate all the adverse effects of this problem. 2. Each person in the group should create their own answer to the following question: What would a world without this problem be like? * Use words, diagrams, illustrations. * Imagine unlimited resources (money, power, etc). * Discuss and enumerate all the benefits of this proposed world. 3. Combine your individual visions of the future to create a single common vision for the campaign. Discuss in depth which broad actions or changes would resolve the problem you identified, so as to arrive at the world you have envisioned. These necessary actions are the main focus of your campaign. Discuss the scope of your campaign: decide whether it has multiple components (sub-campaigns). If it does, you may choose either to narrow the focus of your campaign or create a multiple-campaign strategy. UNDERSTAND THE CAMPAIGNS STAKEHOLDERS Stakeholders are people, groups, organisations, or institutions that are connected to your issue. They may support your campaign, be adversely affected by the issue in question, have the power to change the situation, or even be responsible for the problem you have identified. An important task when designing your campaign is to learn as much about the stakeholders as possible. You should: * Understand each stakeholders relationship to the problem and your proposed solution * Define the relationships between different stakeholders * Determine the ability and willingness of stakeholders to help or hurt your campaign * Identify which of these stakeholders your campaign should concentrate on to create the change your desire. Activity 2: MAPPING STAKEHOLDERS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS Start creating a map in which entities with a stake in your issue are represented as circles, or nodes, and lines between these circles represent relationships. It is good to use sticky papers (post-it notes) for this activity because they can be moved about as required. 1. Discuss the interaction that is at the root of the problem your campaign wants to address. Who creates the problem? Who is affected by it? How and why are these entities connected to one another? 2. Continue, taking notes as you go along, until you can identify the interaction between entities (nodes) that most represents what you seek to change. 3. Identify all of the nodes between which this kind of interaction is happening. 4. Place these nodes at the center of your map. 5. Identify the relationships of these central nodes with others nodes on your map. Start locally and move outward regionally, nationally, internationally and globally, if relevant. Depending on your problem, expand your map with two or more levels of nodes (marking these in a clear way): * First level: entities with direct contact to the central nodes (family / local) * Second level: entities with contact to the first level (regional / national) * Third level: nodes with general influence on the issue (international / institutional) 6. Next, draw lines representing relationships between these nodes and identify the kind of relationship they have; for example: * Power * Mutual benefit * Conflict * Potential After mapping out as many stakeholders as you can, you will have a graphic representation of your stakeholders relationships with your issue. Next you should analyse how your stakeholders may help achieve the change/s you seek. For more information on how to do this, see New Tactics in Human Rights Tactical Mapping. Activity 3: FROM STAKEHOLDERS TO TARGETS Begin defining specific objective/s of your campaign. Consider each stakeholders level of support and level of influence in the context of your campaign objective/s. 1. In simple, active terms, define what would resolve your problem and bring about the change you seek. Your objectives should be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time-bound. 2. Using the list of the stakeholders from the previous activity, identify as many as possible who could help achieve your objective. 3. Draw a horizontal and a vertical axis on a large sheet of blank paper (shown here). Place the stakeholders as follows: * The vertical axis represents their level of influence in achieving the goal of your objective from most influential (top) to least influential (bottom). * The horizontal axis represents whether they are likely to oppose (left) or support (right) your campaign. 4. After you place all the stakeholders on the paper, identify the most influential entities or individuals as potential primary targets, those who can make the change you seek. Note their level of support or opposition for this change. 5. Discuss the relationship of these entities to other stakeholders. You may already have this information on your stakeholder map from Activity 2. 6. Identify stakeholders who support your campaign and have influence on or relationships with your primary target group. They are your secondary targets, or participant groups, who could become actively involved in helping your campaign achieve its goals. Locate them on your graph and identify two or three participant groups to concentrate on. (Adapted from The Change Agencys Power Mapping exercise.) Activity 4: FROM TARGETS TO TACTICS Now you have identified the target audiences that your campaign needs to communicate with, and what relationships they have with other entities with a stake in the problem, you can consider what tactics will best address your target and participant groups? 1. Draw a half-circle, divided into wedges. Place those who most support your campaign on the left side of the spectrum; those who oppose you the most on the right. 2. Use your maps and sticky papers, placing each target and stakeholder in a wedge according to their level of support for your cause. The result is a spectrum of stakeholders, a few of whom you have identified as primary or secondary targets. A five-wedge diagram would include the following: a. Active allies: supportive and motivated to achieve your goals b. Allies: may benefit from your success c. Neutral parties: may not be involved or affected currently d. Opponents: may suffer from your success e. Active opponents: actively interfere with your activities 3. Use this diagram to help decide which tactics to consider, depending on each stakeholders location on the spectrum. For example: f. Supportive: use mobilisation tactics g. Neutral: use educational. visualisation tactics h. Opposing: use disruption, interference tactics (Adapted from New Tactics in Human Rights Spectrum of Allies exercise.) This card was created by Namita Singh and Ali Gharavi in collaboration with Tactical Tech. There are four essential elements to every successful capital campaign: the Case; Leadership; Prospects; and, the Plan. This article is last in a series addressing each element and will focus on designing a successful capital campaign plan. You cannot do everything at once, but you can do one thing at a time. Begin by designing a comprehensive campaign strategy that works well you and your organization. Every successful campaign begins with a plan. The campaign plan is a detailed set of procedural guidelines for campaign leaders and volunteers. The successful campaign plan is built with two overriding principles in mind: (1) Anything other than a complete success is entirely unacceptable; and (2) To ensure the complete success of this fundraising effort, the campaign must be formally declared (and treated) as the primary institutional priority of the organization throughout the fundraising timetable. Recognizing and stating these basic truths puts you into the mindset to make the dec isions and commitments necessary for a successful campaign. From there, we begin to incorporate essential fundraising elements into a comprehensive strategy. Just as there are the four essential elements of a successful campaign (Case, Leadership, Prospects and Plan) there are many vital techniques at work within a good fundraising plan, among them the use of: personal visits, a phased approach, specific gift requests, lead and major gift solicitation, pledge type gifts. Personal visits always yield more money. People give to people—people they love, people they admire, people they respect and even people they fear. Often it is the personal relationship of the volunteer making the request that has the most sway with the potential donor. Our classic technique demands that we employ a phase-by-phase approach to our fundraising, always asking for the largest gifts first, and then medium sized gifts and finally smaller gifts. This ensures that we create enthusiasm and build momentum. Our success, as evidenced by our rapidly rising fundrais ing totals and our large average gift, will pull undecided people toward us and encourage them to give. Victory has a thousand fathers, yet defeat is always an orphan. One of the most important concepts we must use is to ask for a specific gift. We should be asking mostly with a view of our need in mind, but with some view of their means in mind as well. As we articulate the request, we want to make it clear that the reason we are asking them for this specific amount is because we need it if we are to succeed. It is important that they not get the sense that we are asking them for this amount just because we think they have it, or because we think that is what they â€Å"ought to give,† but only because â€Å"we have this enormous need and a limited number of people of means to whom we can turn.† If people are going to help you achieve ambitious plans, they need to know what is required of them. You must always ask for the specific gift. Every campaign that is successful in reaching its potential is going to do a good job of soliciting Leadership and Major Gifts. Clearly some families are especially able to help because of their material blessings. Within the fundraising industry, it is a well-known fact that approximately 80% of the money (or more) will come from just 20% of the people (and sometimes fewer). These Leadership and Major Gifts set the pace for others to follow and they provide the financial foundation upon which to build a successful campaign. Much time is spent, early in the campaign, trying to determine who should be challenged to consider a gift of this significant nature. A well-run campaign will always stress equal effort, equal stretching or even equal sacrifice from every prospective donor, but not equal giving. Each prospect should be encouraged to do their individual best. Another element of a successful campaign plan is to offer people the opportunity to make pledges, rather than one-time gifts, and to offer longer pledge redemption periods where appropriate and possible. Depending upon the length of the pledge redemption period, pledges are usually two—three times larger than one-time contributions. In today’s busy world, people often budget their money very carefully. If a family were going to give you $100 per month, you would rather have that run for 60 months (5 years) than 36 months (3 years), would you not? Narrowing the pledge collection period is not going to get this family (which is giving out of current income) to pay the money any sooner. It will merely get you a smaller pledge. There are many other important aspects of a solid fundraising plan, including: Financial Goals and Objectives Clearly stated goals tied to both the leaders responsible for attaining them and the timeline over which they are to be accomplished. A Detailed Campaign Timetable Giving form to function, the timetable gives us an orderly way to approach a complex task, ensuring the most important things are going to be done first. Organizational Chart Clarifying the responsibilities of each campaign leader and showing everyone how they are related to one another. Description of Leadership Roles and Responsibilities Written instructions delineating the job responsibilities of each leader/volunteer. Campaign Phases and/or Divisions and Tracks of Activity Another form of timeline, breaking out major phases of activity and tracks of action. Many phases may go on simultaneously, while others will be the only activity underway at that given time. Lead and Major Gift Programs This most important track of activity begins during the early quiet phase of the campaign and continues until the potential for such gifts has been exhausted. Commemorative Gift Plan A comprehensive plan to commemorate the gifts of your campaign donors, especially major and leadership donors which might include naming opportunities, public recognition and memorabilia that you can give to outstanding leaders/donors (such as a scale model of a building, etc.). Keep in mind that the plan may evolve as the campaign moves forward. Often this is a function of actual early results, and who is giving at what levels. Who is accepting a leadership role? Preparing a detailed timetable and organizational chart is a good way of measuring the progress of the campaign in relation to the plan and detecting when necessary adjustments or revisions may be needed. It also provides a specific measure of accountability. Establish goals for each constituency and phase. Everyone needs to know what is expected of him or her! A statistical summary of the number and level of gifts required to reach the campaign goal for each phase of activity should be kept regularly. This list should be constantly monitored against progress to date and should be consulted daily to develop a precise order of solicitation, thus providing us a plan and timetable for asking. In summary, the campaign plan is one of the four essential elements of a successful capital campaign and must be carefully researched and crafted. Remember to keep a close eye on the fundraising plan and modify it in view of your actual experiences. The plan is your road map to success. Remember, it is static while the world is very dynamic. Use the plan as your basic guide, maintaining your liberty to deviate from it briefly where called upon, and you will find it serves you quite nicely and leads to your fundraising success.

Relationship between Binge Eating and Stress

Relationship between Binge Eating and Stress Binge Eating and Stress: Is it Behavioral or Biological? ABSTRACT Stress is often inevitable in today’s fast paced world. People are struggling with positive coping mechanisms to deal with everyday life stressors. Binge eating (BE) can arise from maladaptive coping mechanisms that can be triggered from stress. Research has been limited in categorizing binge eating as either behavioral or biological due to BE being a recent disorder discovery and its overlap between neural and psychological dependence. This review aims to explain the differences between biological and psychological associations and the correlation stress has in both aspects of BE. Key Words: Binge Eating, Stress, Eating Disorder, Food Addiction, Psychological Dependence INTRODUCTION At some point in their lives, people have experienced some form of stress that lead them to turn to coping mechanisms to overcome the stressor(s). Work, college, family, and the pursuit of happiness can consume an individual to perform at optimum, sometimes unrealistic levels. In today’s world, college students and young professionals report the highest levels of stress compared to older generations. Thirty-nine percent of Millennials say their stress has increased in the last year, compared to 36 percent of Generation Xers, 33 percent of Baby Boomers and 29 percent of Matures (Stress by Genarations, 2012).   The form in which people deal with stress varies from individual but maladaptive forms of coping mechanisms such as Binge eating are becoming more popular among young individuals, particularly women (Fischer, 2017).   Binge Eating (BE) is consuming a very large amount of food within a short period of time with no sense of control over one’s eating, and no purgi ng afterwards (Parakeh).   People who have low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, body image issues, dieting obsessed, compulsive tendencies and academic perfection goals are more likely to develop an eating disorder such as BE (Cain, 2008).   BE so far has been classified as an eating disorder along with Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia (Hardway, 2015), but there are more underlying symptoms that make it difficult to categorize under purely addictive psychological dependence or if it’s a neural response to stress. Psychological conditions such as depression, anxiety and low-self-esteem can manifest themselves when triggered by a situation or stressor that would make the individual turn to BE for relief or avoidance (Shelton, 2010). According to the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS), which is a measure to identify individuals show signs related to substance dependence with the consumption of high fat/high sugar food such as food addiction (YFAS) individuals whose symptoms fit u nder YFAS have a strong correlation to food addiction. The YFAS proposes that the characteristics of binge eating goes hand in hand with what currently qualifies as substance dependence. Also, scores on the YFAS predicted binge eating behavior and emotional eating in a study of obese women who were dieting (Parylak, 2011). Alternatively, studies have been conducted that have found when stress levels are high, individuals are more likely to gravitate towards high-fat, high-sugar palatable foods in excess versus times of little to no stress. Neuronal activity monitored by a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) showed activation of various limbic system areas such as, the right amygdala (emotions, motivation), Cingulate cortex (emotion formation, memory), Hippocampus (regulates emotions), and Putamen (movement of limbs) (Figure 1, 2 and 3) (Born, 2010). Stress response initiates itself in the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic-adrenomedullary (SAM) sy stem (Adam, 2007). The overlapping and differential aspects of stress induced BE in the biological or psychological aspect have not yet been reviewed and the purpose of this review is to compare both sides, using research already done in both areas to determine how stress-induced BE should be categorized. Stress and Categories The Neuronal Approach Studies have been done to research the effects of stress on the brain mostly on animals like mice. The studies have revealed that in rats, stress can lead to choosing of lards and sugars over other foods (Adam, 2007). A study done relating animal and human literature took focus on the neuroendocrine mediators, insulin and cortisol and reviewed the neural circuitry of the reward system that is linked with food (Adam, 2007). Animal models resulted in glucocorticoids allowing for more pleasurable food intake and the consumption of drugs. A tail pinch in rats is considered a stressor and when the tail is pinched the rat would eat more caloric dense food. After a 24 hour rest period the rat would not eat to compensate for the calories taken in. However, if the tail pinching was consistent, the rat would eat more and still ate during the rest period. This can equate into human terms, as how constant severe stressors, for example college finals happening at the same time four research papers are due, and fast food available virtually everywhere can lead a very stressed person into a consumption frenzy of unlimited caloric dense food (Adam, 2007). The activation of the HPA axis as well as other transmitters accounts for the release of endogenous opioids which affect the body by trying to relax it when it’s in a heightened state. When the opioids are released (as response to a stressor) they contribute to the consumption of high-fat/high-sugar foods, and likewise these palatable foods sustain the release of the opioids. Therefore, if food is concluded to shut down stress pathways as before mentioned, (deactivating the HPA axis), so there’s not a continuous influx of stressful signal transduction (such as adrenaline release), and food is a coping mechanism of choice, then neurologically a stressed-out person is wired to seek out fatty foods to compensate for the amounts of stress triggering reactions in their body (Adam, 2007). In another research study, human subjects were tested under stressful and non-stressful conditions (a solvable math test and an unsolvable math test), given two fMRI’s and five blood tests. The test subjects were then asked to choose what kind of food appealed to them more after the test and a meal was also given before of their choosing. The results indicated that under stress food intake was larger than non-stressed. Subjects would have higher energy intake, protein intake and carbohydrate intake compared with the non-stressed subjects, as foods that were more palatable were chosen (higher in sugar, fat, salt, and more textured) (Born, 2010). These results correlate with other studies mentioned in this research, that also stated that stressed subjects have higher energy intakes therefore they tend to eat more nutrient dense foods compared to those who are not stressed. The areas of the brain that were stimulated were those that are linked to the reward system. The reward system is a dependence system is the brain that is activated by pleasurable foods, and drugs that leave the feeling of one wanting more. Constant stimulation of the reward system leads to desensitization which will increase the craving for palatable foods and have neurobiological adaptions to stimulate eating when not hungry. (Adam, 2007). The fMRI scans show regions of the limbic system that were activated when stressed given the choice to choose foods that were appealing (Figures 1,2 and 3) (Born, 2010). Brain reward in eating in the absence of hunger Figure 1. Sagittal (a), coronal (b) and transversal (c) sections, showing the GLM contrast of choosing something versus choosing nothing. Significant activation is visible in the left frontal cortex ( 21, 58, 13; Po0.05 FDR corrected). (Photo taken from Born, 2010). Figure 2. Two sagittal (a, b) sections at different planes and a transversal (c) section with the GLM contrast of choosing breakfast versus choosing a meal postprandially. There is a clear activation in the orbitofrontal cortex (3, 48, 1), frontal cortex (13, 61, 20 and 12, 63, 21) and putamen (18, 5, 5; Po0.05 FDR corrected). (Photo taken from Born 2010). Figure 3. Sagittal (a), coronal (b) and transversal (c) sections, showing the GLM contrast rest condition versus stress condition. Significant activation in present in the putamen (22, 4, 3 and 23, 11, 4) and the orbitofrontal cortex ( 8, 28, 6, Po0.05 FDR corrected). (Photo taken from Born, 2010). A sleep study was conducted identifying lack of sleep as a stressor. This is a common stressor of many college students for example that are loaded with excessive workloads, and young professionals who must meet the demands of their job fields. Subjects spent six days in bed for 9 hours or 4 hours and were submitted to MRI scanning on the sixth day and shown images of high and low calorie foods as well as nonfood items. The results showed overall neuronal activity was greater after restricted sleep than habitual sleep in response to food images. There was also more brain activity in areas of the brain associated with the reward pathways (Orbital frontal Cortex, insula, and regions of the basal ganglia). The brain regions in which activity was detected are related to motivation and desire so individuals who are not getting enough sleep are more prone to binge eating (St. Onge, 2012). Similarly, research has been conducted on nocturnal eating in response to stress and it was found that nocturnal eaters were more likely to binge eat than their counterparts. The stressors in this study were mostly psychological (self-esteem issues, body shaming, depression etc.) but as mentioned before if there is a lack of sleep it will trigger neuronal activity to seek out palatable food, and sometimes it is uncontrolled, leading to binge eating (Striegel-Moore, 2010).   Another study conducted previously tested subjects in a similar manner and found that those subjects with Night Eating Syndrome (NES) were also associated with binge eating (Colles, 2007). Obesity was concurrent with NES and most subjects that have NES were male according to Colles. The Psychological Approach Binge Eating is generally more closely associated with psychological factors such as depression, low self-esteem, poor body image perception, academic insufficiency, and weight-loss goals (Han, 2017). These factors are also closely associated to food addiction. Food addiction is defined just as substance addiction per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) (Parakeh). The interlacing of terms between food addiction and binge eating has to do with the psychological factors both terms have in common. BE is characterized by behavioral and psychological symptoms such as the frequency of binge episodes, the amount of food consumed, and their occurrence in the absence of hunger. BE is also usually followed by guilt and feelings of disgust, shame, or depression, whereas FA is strictly more of a lack of self-control driven by an impulse for gratification or escape.   Both have a loss of control and impulsivity driving the conditions however, food addiction does not equate into binge eating (Davis, 2016). Research has been conducted to explore these psychological factors and a study was done comparing BE and FA statistically. The results indicated that subjects who fall under similar factors in both BE and FA are more likely to experience more frequent binge eating episodes, stronger cravings for food, and elevated levels of impulsivity and depressive symptoms than those with only BED (Burrows, 2017). Therefore, there is a difference between the two terms, however when used in combination, the effects on an individual can be more severe in contrast if they were suffering from just BE or FA alone. Stress can intensify the effects of BE and FA, as studies have shown the closer the behavior between FA and BE then the more likely there will be underlying implicated stress and anxious and depressive mood (Parylak, 2011). In a Chinese study the effects of stress and its causation to binge eating was studied in adolescent girls whose main stressor was academic perfection. Results showed that adolescents with greater life event stress, earlier maladaptive schemas and higher levels of impulsivity displayed more severe binge eating (Zhu, 2015). Therefore, adolescents who never learned positive coping mechanisms and were exposed to strong life stressors, were more likely to engage in binge eating. This is potentially dangerous among Millennial populations since it is possible they may have not learned positive coping mechanisms in adolescence and now many are in college where the pressure to excel academically is high. Healthy individuals who may not fit criteria for BE or FA can fall into either category depending on the level of stress associated in their lives, and how vulnerable they may be to psychological stressors (Hardaway, 2015). CONCLUSION Categorizing Binge Eating into either behavioral or biological categories is difficult because as research has shown components from both domains often interlace with one another. As discussed in this review many psychological stressors can give rise to neuronal activity that will biologically start a maladaptive cycle if the person is not equipped to handle the overwhelming stress. Unfortunately, diagnosis of BE is done incorrectly because patients are not always asked the appropriate questions regarding their eating habits. Diagnosis should take into consideration dopamine, opioid, acetylcholine, and serotonin neuro-circuitry that are associated within the brain reward regions, along with the psychological stressors (depression, self-esteem etc) that could be troubling the patient (Fornaro, 2016). Experimental drugs should as Lisdexamfetamine, have been tested among patients with mild BE and were found to reduce occurrence of BE episodes compared to the placebo. Future trials concerning safety and long term effects of the drug are needed to deem the drug fit for clinical treatment of BE (Fornaro, 2016). Currently self-help techniques including monitoring mood, stress, and eating behavior are preferred to the pharmaceutical approach, however self-help in patients with BE is not effective as compared to those without reported BE (Wolff, 2000).    Future work could incorporate neuropsychology as to understand the processes of signal transduction that can lead to behavioral problems. The infusion of psychology and biology is crucial in trying to understand and ultimately treat binge eating caused by stress. As of now such research and studies are scarce combining both components in association with BE. This review aimed to clarify the distinction between psychological and neuronal categorization of stress induced binge eating. As mentioned through this review, it is inaccurate to try and place BE into one category, as both categories are often present in individuals suffering from BE. The greater the awareness of this subject, the more equipped work places, colleges, and individuals can be to recognize potential stressors and the effects they have on those who are vulnerable to psychological conditions. Works Cited Adam, Tanja  C., and Elissa  S. Epel. Stress, eating and the reward system.  Physiology & Behavior, vol.  91, no.  4,  2007, pp.  449-458.   Born, J.  M., et al. Acute stress and food-related reward activation in the brain during food choice during eating in the absence of hunger.  International Journal of Obesity, vol.  34, no.  1,  2009, pp.  172-181.   Burrows, Tracy, et al. Food Addiction, Binge Eating Disorder, and Obesity: Is There a Relationship?  Behavioral Sciences, vol.  7, no.  3,  2017, p.  54.   Cain, Angela  S., et al. Refining the relationships of perfectionism, self-efficacy, and stress to dieting and binge eating: Examining the appearance, interpersonal, and academic domains.  International Journal of Eating Disorders, vol.  41, no.  8,  2008, pp.  713-721.   Colles, S.  L., et al. Night eating syndrome and nocturnal snacking: association with obesity, binge eating and psychological distress.  International Journal of Obesity, vol.  31, no.  11,  2007, pp.  1722-1730.   Davis, Caroline. A commentary on the associations among ‘food addiction’, binge eating disorder, and obesity: Overlapping conditions with idiosyncratic clinical features.  Appetite, vol.  115,  2017, pp.  3-8.   Fischer, Sarah, et al. Impact of the neural correlates of stress and cue reactivity on stress related binge eating in the natural environment.  Journal of Psychiatric Research, vol.  92,  2017, pp.  15-23.   Fornaro, Michele, et al. Lisdexamfetamine in the treatment of moderate-to-severe binge eating disorder in adults: systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis of publicly available placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials.  Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, vol.  Volume 12,  2016, pp.  1827-1836.   Han, Suejung, and Soonhee Lee. College Student Binge Eating: Attachment, Psychological Needs Satisfaction, and Emotion Regulation.  Journal of College Student Development, vol.  58, no.  7,  2017, pp.  1074-1086.   Hardaway, J.  A., et al. Integrated circuits and molecular components for stress and feeding: implications for eating disorders.  Genes, Brain and Behavior, vol.  14, no.  1,  2015, pp.  85-97.   Harrington, Ellen  F., et al. The relationships among trauma, stress, ethnicity, and binge eating.  Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, vol.  12, no.  2,  2006, pp.  212-229.  Ã‚   Parekh, Ranna. What Are Eating Disorders?  Home │ Psychiatry.org, www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/eating-disorders/what-are-eating-disorders. Parylak, Sarah  L., et al. The dark side of food addiction.  Physiology & Behavior, vol.  104, no.  1,  2011, pp.  149-156.   Pendleton, Victor  R., et al. Negative Stress and the Outcome of Treatment for Binge Eating.  Eating Disorders, vol.  9, no.  4,  2001, pp.  351-360.   Shelton, Virginia  L., and Karena  T. Valkyrie. College Student Stress: A Predictor of Eating Disorder Precursor Behaviors.  Alabama Counseling Association Journal, vol.  35, no.  2,  Mar.  2010,  ebscohost.   St-Onge, M.-P., et al. Sleep restriction leads to increased activation of brain regions sensitive to food stimuli.  American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol.  95, no.  4,  2012, pp.  818-824.   Stress by Generations: 2012.  Http://www.apa.org, www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2012/generations.aspx. Striegel-Moore, Ruth  H., et al. Nocturnal eating: Association with binge eating, obesity, and psychological distress.  International Journal of Eating Disorders, vol.  43, no.  6,  2010, pp.  520-526.   Wolff, Gretchen  E., et al. Differences in daily stress, mood, coping, and eating behavior in binge eating and nonbinge eating college women.  Addictive Behaviors, vol.  25, no.  2,  2000, pp.  205-216.   Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS),   Zhu, Hong, et al. Life Event Stress and Binge Eating Among Adolescents: The Roles of Early Maladaptive Schemas and Impulsivity.  Stress and Health, vol.  32, no.  4,  2015, pp.  395-401.

Foolish Pride in Judith Guests Ordinary People :: Judith Guest Ordinary People Essays

Foolish Pride in Ordinary People In the book Ordinary People, the author Judith Guest portrays a "normal" family, living in Lake Forest, struggling with many problems on the inside, but trying their best to hide their feelings. This book explores the need for everyone to act normal, and ordinary, and even though everyone in the book had a huge problem eating them from the inside, they didn't want anyone to know something was wrong. Many characters in the book hid from their problems. By the end of the book most of them managed to get better, but some of them were gone for good. In the book, Conrad struggled with perfection. He tried to be the obedient son, the good student, and eventually everything got to him so much, he felt the only way to escape was to try and kill himself. "An obedient boy. Polite, well mannered. Even in the hospital, with his fingernails bitten to bloody half-moons, the dark circles, bloody bruises under his eyes; always always his behavior was proper" (13). Conrad was strung too tight, fortunately by the end of the book he learned to relax, and not to stress too much about everything. Unfortunately this wasn't true for all the characters. Everyone viewed Conrad's mother, Beth, as perfect. Beth always had to have everything organized, neat. She had to be in control. Everything about her on the outside seems perfect. "Gracious as always, but Cal knows she doesn't like this. She is wearing a white-knit pantsuit, a long-sleeved black blouse, her hair tied back from her face with a black scarf. She does look gorgeous" (64). After her first son Buck died, and her second son Conrad tried to kill himself, she starts to realize that her family is falling apart, but she can't help them. Beth is all about appearance, how she and her family seem to other people. She can't handle talking about major problems, even when they involve the people she loves. Calvin, Conrad's father tries to be helpful to everyone. He is very caring to his son, and tries very hard with his wife Beth. It seems that Cal gives himself away to everyone, making sure his family is ok, but never worried about himself.

Just Say No! A Profile Of Cocaine And Its Effects On Two Lives Essay

Just Say No! A Profile Of Cocaine and It's Effects On Two Lives   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Greek mythology tells of a young god, Morpheus, god of dreams. Morpheus planted a special purple flower called the lotus. Soon the people of the land smelled the sweet flowers and ate them. They immediately feel into a deep and troubled sleep. From that day on, they awoke only long enough to gather the lotus flowers and sleep again. Eventually they lost their strength and willpower and wanted only to drift in and out of sleep.1 The story of the lotus-eaters and similar tales from ancient times show us that drug use is not new. Today this problem threatens all of our society. The worst, most deadly of drugs, however, is cocaine. This report will talk about what cocaine is, what it does to the human body, and two fantastic people who gave their lives because of it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today, over 5 million people use cocaine each month. Each day, 3,000 people try cocaine for the first time.2 Cocaine is a white powder made from the leaves of the cocoa plant. Cocaine is first pressed to form a paste; then, the paste is mixed with strong chemicals to make a white, powdery mixture. Most cocaine comes from South America. It is estimated that about 400 tons of cocaine is smuggled out of South America each year. Half of this cocaine ends up on the streets of the United States.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cocaine is a stimulant. That means that when it is us...

The Future of Cyborgs Essay -- Technology Robots

The Future of Cyborgs Terminator and Bladerunner, portrayed cyborgs or cybernetic organisms as creatures of destruction. Are they really as horrible as the movies make them out to be? They can be more useful than perceived; it is necessary to first perfect the technology involved in creating and operating them. In this paper, I will describe how these cyborgs work and how they are portrayed in the movies. Furthermore, I will explain the helpful ways that they are expected to perform in the future. Cyborgs are a very complex creation of the future. The general concept is that they cannot be recognized as non-humans. Although it has a programmed mission, this unit thinks and reacts on its own. The understructure is made of a very strong material that resists many dangers; for example, gunshots and fire. Cyborgs are a self-contained unit under a layer of human flesh. The layer of human flesh that covers the frame is a biological organism. It has different layers and has a capillary system that is flowing with blood. Basically, a cyborg is undetectable to a human without special means and equipment. Cyborgs are portrayed as an evil force in Terminator and Bladerunner. In Terminator, the cyborg is a killing machine sent back in time from the future. The mission of the cyborg is to terminate the mother of a rebellion leader before he is born. Throughout the movie, the Terminator takes many gunshots and withstands punishments that would destroy a human’s frail body. The Terminator experiences a high-speed car crash and walks away nearly unharmed. His layer of flesh is damaged, but he proceeds to cut the damaged portion away and continues his mission. Near the end of the movie, the Terminator is in a fiery explosion involving a... ...us functions. In a military aspect, they could be used as guards to patrol the base, or put in the front line to lead the troops into questionable situations. In the medical field, they could be used as assistants during surgery and childbirth and once the technology is perfected, they could perform these procedures on their own. They could also be used in biohazardous material recovery and decontamination. Finally, if enough money was available, they could be purchased as maids in a household. As you can see, even though they are portrayed as an evil force in the movies, cyborgs could be a great asset to the world once the technology is perfected. Bibliography Terminator. Dir. James Cameron Perf. Arnold Schwarzenegger,Michael Biehn, Linda Hamilton. MGM, 1984. Bladerunner. Dir. Ridley Scott. Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer. Columbia TriStar, Warner Bros., 1982.

Fiber from Water Hyacinth for pulp and handmade paper production

Statement of the Problem: 1. Is it possible to produce paper from extracted fiber of water? 2. What are the physical characteristics of the paper produced from the extracted fiber of water hyacinth? 3. Is there significant differences is the produced paper from the extracted fiber from water hyacinth to that of the commercially available paper as tested to their strengths?Scope and Delimitation The plant on which we will obtain and try to utilize for pulp and paper making as Water Hyacinth. In doing this, the roots, leaves, stalks were separated. Physical test such as tensile strengths was utilized to know the maximum tension to which a material can respond without breaking. The study includes also the determination of the bursting strength of paper, tearing resistance using Elmendorf Tearing Resistance Tester, and Folding endurance test using MIT Folding Tester.Research Method Used: Experimental Research is the method used.Methodology: 1. Sampling 2. Chemical Pulping 3. Washing, Ria sing,Sieving and Handpicking. 4. Disintegration and Beating 5. Bleaching/Dyeing 6. Pressing 7. DryingConclusion: Based on the result obtained on the analysis it shows that there is no significant between the paper produced from fibers of water hyacinth and then of the commercially available paper.The fiber dimensions indicate that the water hyacinth may be good material for pulp and paper making. Water Hyacinth can be utilized for making medium quality paper and paperboards.Recommendations We strongly recommended to enhance the paper used a certain percentage of other fibrous pulps, wasted paper pulps etc., used the blended water hyacinth pulp. These also help to minimize the shrinkage paper during drying. Paper made from Water Hyacinth is durable, flexible, and extremely versatile.Based on the experiment, we highly recommend the use of water hyacinth for paper production. In processed a high versatile and it was durable compared in those of the commercially available paper.

Integration Of Technology Into The Classroom Effects Education Essay

The integrating of engineering into the schoolroom means a batch more than learning basic computing machine accomplishments and programming as it is in the course of study right now. Computer literacy and the IC3 programmes were added to the course of study of signifier 1 to organize 3 pupils to do them familiar with the computing machine as a tool. And with the debut of National Exams at signifier 3 degree ICT has become one of the four nucleus topics that will be taken into history for rating intents together with English, French and Mathematics. Technology in instruction does non merely intend the usage of computing machines but besides the usage of a scope of other electronic devices every bit good as the cyberspace for the airing of cognition. Presents, pupils are coming to category with more accomplishments. Whether the instructor requires it or non, most pupils are utilizing engineering for communicating, acquisition, amusement etc, i.e. in about all domains of their life. They are the 1 who are maintaining path with the technological promotion. As for instructors, even if it is hard to maintain up and accommodate to the promotion in both their personal and professional lives, they have a really of import function to play in the technological promotion. Since engineering can be a learning tool for the pupil every bit good as a instruction tool for the teacher. As good, the integrating of engineering in the schoolroom is a great manner to increase the pupil ‘s involvement in larning. This attack is more student-centred ; as they tend to work more together while they use computing machines for their day-to-day lessons. The dynamic and synergistic environment created by the usage of computing machines motivates the pupils as good they have a greater sense of control over what they can entree, read, comprehend and create. The reading accomplishments besides are being enhanced with the usage of electronic books coupled with pronunciation hyperlinks. The viva voce of their work utilizing any presentation tool or any other multimedia tool helps the unwritten enunciation of their thoughts. The cyberspace is an limitless resource that can be use to motivate and animate higher order believing accomplishments in the pupils. The above seems to be a bright image of what can be achieved if engineering is taken to the schoolroom ; nevertheless it should be taken into history that today ‘s pupils ‘ can be considered as the ‘Digital Natives ‘ as they are turning and are being brewed and nurtured in a technological rich environment, which represent a high order challenge for the ‘Digital Immigrants ‘ who are the instructors of today as they are being forced to follow a new attitude and to populate in this environment. This digital clang of civilization is one of the most of import barriers that need to be pull down for the integrating of ICT tools takes an of import portion in the airing of the content of the course of study. Besides the paradigm displacement of the manner the instructors themselves were taught and the new technique that they are being asked to utilize is a major alteration of civilization to which the instructors must be prepared to face and take up as a ch allenge. There are many factors that might impede the engineering integrating. They can be civilization alteration, preparation, motive, the clime, the support, the substructure, etc. Thus a thorough probe is needed to hold a image where the job stands. It has to be considered besides that the jobs can change from topographic points and schools. For this survey the job is limited to a individual school, found in a rural country. The aims set are besides precise and the survey will give a image of the integrating of ICT tools in that context merely. The survey will concentrate on three chief issues, which are: The handiness of the resources and installations for the integrating to take topographic point. The grade of serviceability of those installations and the resources by the instructors And in conclusion the barriers that might impede the Integration of Technology in learning. These issues are considered as the footing on which programs for the integrating of engineering can be built up so as to maximize the on the installations and resources and to cut down the barriers to a lower limit.1.2 Research rubricComputers have become the most sought after, electronic devices in both places and schools. They have captured the involvement of everyone and many parents believe they will better their kids ‘s opportunities for success in school and in life. Computers connected to communication webs supply convenient entree to huge sums of informations from basically any field of survey. The thought of computing machine engineering dramatically changed the nature of schooling. It merely will non be possible for schools to defy the increasing influence of computing machine engineering in our society. The market place will turn progressively repetitive that schools prepare pupils to be the workers and consumers of a networked society. Technology is recognised presents in schools as an instructional tool instead than a topic of direction. Still many pedagogues are less familiar and less comfy with engineering than their pupil and are besides fighting to seamlessly incorporate a turning list of engineering tools in their regular course of study. And such to hold a bird's-eye image of the state of affairs, this survey focuses on a private secondary college in the southern portion of Mauritius and is titled asEducational Technology Integration:Accessibility, Use and Barriers in Teaching ;A instance survey, in a rural private college.1.3 Aims of ResearchThe research was conducted to with the purpose of positioning the pedagogues of the establishment as to the quality of their bringing of the content in category. It is without bias that it can be said that the quality of learning additions with the quality of bringing of the content every bit good as the manner the information is presented to be digested by the pupils. Educational engineerings are on top of the list of the instruction AIDSs that can be used to heighten the quality of learning. Thus to be able to project bird ‘s oculus position of where the pedagogues of the establishment base in the usage of educational engineerings in their category, it was imperative to direct the survey from the three countries so that the terminal consequence converge to the placement of educational engineerings in the establishment. The chief aims are: ( a ) Handiness: exposure to organic structure of Knowledge Are the instructors adequately exposed to installations and resources to incorporate ICT in their instruction? Do instructors have the right ICT accomplishments to incorporate ICT in their instruction? ( B ) Use: application of organic structure of cognition to subject What is the incursion quantum of ICT in learning? ( degree Celsius ) Barriers: Restriction to application of organic structure of cognition to subject What teachers perceive as barriers to the integrating of ICT into their instruction?1.4 Background of the SchoolKeats College, a private secondary school registered with the PSSA, named after the great English poet John Keats started its operation 1964 at Chemin-Grenier, a little small town in the South of the island. It started with population of 35 pupils and 5 instructors. The Driving doctrine of the establishment reflects its slogan: â€Å" Virtute et Industria † which means â€Å" bravery and difficult work † . The school has nowadays become the prima college, in footings of pupil capacity, and academic consequences of that portion of the island. It caters for some 2000 pupils and 170 members of learning and non-teaching staff housed in two separate blocks for the Boys ‘ and Girls ‘ sections. The college has a passing rate of 83.3 % at the Cambridge HSC exams in 2009. Based on the statistics of the last three old ages the college has positioned itself with non less than 13 pupils classified as Best campaigners at Cambridge SC tests and 6 pupils classified as Best campaigners at Cambridge HSC test. Keats College meets all the favorable conditions for the blooming of the pupils on the academic degree, human and citizenship values every bit good as in athleticss. Accomplishments are synonymous to difficult work done with bravery to achieve the set aims through a choice civilization. As any other educational establishment, Keats College is has a hierarchically organized construction split in to two Management Levels. The Top Management consists of the Manager, the Rector and two Deputy Rectors. The Middle Management squad consists of the Head of sections and the Section Leaderships who reports to the curate but is supervised by the Deputy Rectors. The Educators do describe to their several HoD ‘s as per the topic they are learning ; nevertheless some of them are assigned the duty of being Form Teacher as such they are responsible for their several categories and do describe for the same to the Section Leaders. As for the Non-Teaching Staff, they report to the Manager but are headed by the College Clerk. They are the support squad to the College and are divided into different groups which are the Office Clerks and Secretaries, the Attendants and the Auxiliary staff. The pupils ‘ council and the athleticss ‘ council of the school have elected members from each category. The category captains and their frailty organize the College Student Council ; every bit good each category has their athleticss captains who are grouped together for the athleticss council. Besides pupils can be portion of the different nines which are in operation in the college ; they are the National Award Achievement Teams, Civic Action Teams, The ‘we R one ‘ Quire, the First Aid Team, the KC Music Band etc. As for the substructure Keats College is dotted with many athleticss installations such as a Tennis tribunal, some 13 Volley Ball pitch, a Basket Ball pitch, 2 Badminton Courts, a Gymnasium, 10 Table Tennis, a mini Football Pitch etc. As good for the Academic Development there are some 4 Libraries, 2 Physics Labs, 2 Chemistry labs, 2 Biology Labs, 2 Computer labs, 2 CDT labs, 1 Agriculture Lab, 2 Junior labs, 4 Audio Visual Rooms, 2 Food and nutrition Labs, etcaˆÂ ¦ it can be noted that all these installations are graded as ‘Grade A ‘ comfortss by the PSSA.