Unusual Article Uncovers the Deceptive Practices of Top College Essay Samples

Unusual Article Uncovers the Deceptive Practices of Top College Essay Samples It's very useful to take writing apart as a way to see just the way that it accomplishes its objectives. The large part of the essay employs standard English and English grammar. There are lots of solutions to your essay writing needs online but some are much better than others. Generally, there are two principal approaches you might take to compose your essay. Although every facet of your college application is crucial, a strong college admission essay is just one of the main elements of the application. It's possible to find handwriting samples from celebrities, entire books at no cost, how-to guides and a whole lot more. Introduction Body paragraphs Conclusion It is essential that students utilize academic sources to better their credibility. Most students have a tendency to go for easy essay topics by talking about themselves, doing their very best to express their distinctive qualities and trying to stick out from the remainder of the pack. Don't neglect to explain why the predicament is valuable to you! So you don't actually wish to obtain a topic! Opt for a distinctive topic that others may not think of, and whatever you select, make certain you know a lot about it! You need to begin by examining the subject of the work and taking a place to run with. The Ultimate Approach to Top College Essay Samples The essay is just one of the important approaches it's possible to distinguish yourself. In lots of ways, it is the most important part of the college application. Your essay is a special reflection of who you are as an individual. A college application essay is a substantial means of letting the panel learn more concerning the student. Individual schools sometimes need supplemental essays. It's important the student can develop a thesis statement that's fitting with their targets. When choosing the most suitable college essay topics, students ought to be keen to center on the key ideas they're attempting to pass in their essay. Therefore, many students and employees decide to acquire affordable essay rather than writing it themselves. The easy truth is that each and every paper needs to be written in the writer's words. In case you decide you must chat about one of the cliche essay topics mentioned previously, a great method to tell a more prevalent story is to concentrate on one specific moment and build from that point. There's not any reason to rush your essay. So without further ado, below are some effective writing tips to create your common app essay stick out! Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Top College Essay Samples Is Wrong For many students, it merely sounds too fantastic to be true. Colleges, however, might not be held to the exact standards. They want to make it easy for students to apply, but they also want to know the student is serious about applying. All colleges provide classes and degrees, and many let you study in another nation. The Good, the Bad and Top College Essay Samples Admissions staff members want to learn the way your presence will produce the college a better plac e. The nursing school admission essay is a crucial portion of the application approach. Colleges are interested in a feeling of maturity and introspectionpinpoint the transformation and demonstrate your private growth. If you overshare, it is going to make it seem like you've got poor judgment or don't understand social normsnot great impressions to provide the admissions committee. On the other, it's a method of life. If you own a friend or relative who reads a whole lot of books in their spare time, I bet you believe they're pretty intelligent. There isn't a prompt to steer you, which means you must ask yourself the questions that will get at the center of the story you wish to tell. What lots of people don't have an idea, nevertheless, could be the best way to find college essays cases. If you would like to go personal and pick a relative, remember to get a memorable and distinctive reason. Various things to various individuals, since the situation demanded. Explain your commitments, and you're going to be the sort of student colleges find immensely attractive. Select a law and explain why it's so important to you.

Lending System - 3694 Words

CHAPTER – I The Problem and It’s Setting INTRODUCTION As the world moves a global electronic place, lots of establishments are not upgrading their computers to the latest features just assures that their clients will be satisfied by the services that they give and create a friendly environment to each member. The existing loan transaction processing system used by the Kaguruan – Multi- Purpose Cooperative is manually operated. The loan takes two (2) days to be processed. This can be obsolete because of the presence of the computers, which could facilitate any transaction at faster rate. They use computer merely for their documentations and not for their system. In fact, they only use word and excel which are the generally used†¦show more content†¦The goal of loaning System of KMPC is to help each member and staff to make process easier and faster. The researcher would like to emphasize that the study is concentrating only n the loaning transaction of the coop and general services. The following are not covered by this study: * Other services of the cooperative like E-load, catering services, financing Laon and consumer loan. * Transaction of payment of the borrower’s are automatically deduct by the DepEd to their net pay are concerned to this study. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The findings of this study will be of great help to the following Members This will be of great help to each member as to how and when to avail loan easier and faster. STAFF The system will help them make the process more organized, east to maintain, and update. It will also avoid consuming time in processing loan system and transaction that will be applicable to cooperative. END NOTES Kendall amp; kendall System Analysis and Design. Practice –Hall, Inc. 1999.P,153-158 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES The researchers conducted a review of related literature and studies and identified those, which are closely related to the present study. The most relevant materials to the current study were selected and presented in this chapter. RELATEDShow MoreRelatedWhy A Bank Serves A Geographic Area1524 Words   |  7 PagesCRA rating is considered in the approval or disapproval of the application. A poor CRA rating may result in the denial of a covered application. LARGE BANKS The Regulatory Agencies use three tests to evaluate an institutions CRA performance: the lending, investment, and service tests. A bank is a large bank if it is not a small bank, that is if the past two years it had assets in excess of $1.216 billion (adjusted annually for inflation). A small bank (including intermediate small banks) may chooseRead MoreSmall Loans Come Under Heavy Fire1272 Words   |  6 Pagesstate according to a report posted at www.cw.ua.edu. These loans have grown so popular and addictive that advocacy groups have begun referring to payday loans, auto title loans, small loans online and small loans for bad credit as â€Å"Alabama’s Toxic Lending Problem.† Although Republicans generally support deregulation nationwide, 30 Republican joined 15 Democrats in the proposal for the Constitutional amendment. Some of the reasons for proposing the bill were supplied by the Alabama State BankingRead MoreThe Great Recession Of 20081388 Words   |  6 PagesRecession is considered the second worst economic crisis in American history, behind the Great Depression. The Recession of 2008 was caused by two major faults: the use of subprime lending and changes in banking culture leaning towards self interest within the banking industry. There is no doubt that subprime lending was a major cause of the Recession. It was a tactic used by investment banks in order to get more money from unsuspecting homeowners. However, lenders found out that most of the peopleRead MoreSubprime Lending Research Paper851 Words   |  4 PagesSubprime lending has been a part of the financial industry for decades. Liberalization of lending regulations since the late 1970’s has allowed for the proliferation of the practice of subprime lending, most notably with subprime mortgages and their associated securities. Subprime lending is the practice of lending to borrowers who do not have the financial stability to qualify for a more traditional loan. A subprime loan differs from a traditional loan in that it is offered to less qualified borrowersRead More Analysis of the Failure of Superior Bank and Trust Essay599 Words   |  3 Pagesproblems with sub prime loans. This was their main focus. Sub prime lending is lending to people who a re poor credit risks. They lend money or issue credit cards at high interest rates. Many companies have prospered using this method but most have gone under due to rising default rates and early prepayments by borrowers who can refinance at lower rates. Superior Bank amp; Trusts failure was directly related to sub prime lending. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Regulators were believed to have detectedRead MoreCase Study And Reaching The End1580 Words   |  7 Pagesreport the wholesalers conduct. 3. Colombo resigned from BNC and shortly after filing a lawsuit. 4. Lehman Brothers filed bankruptcy on Sept 15, 2008 in which the lawsuit was put on hold. 5. Wall Street reined in mortgage factories, tightening lending standards, and forces lenders to buy back risky loans. First, let me start by giving you some background of the case study, and then I will address each fact and how I would have prevented the dishonest conduct. In 2003, Coleen Colombo was hiredRead MoreThe Impact Of Traditional Banking On Banking Essay955 Words   |  4 Pagestime. If you walk away from the process without any hassles or hidden fees, then consider yourself lucky. Today the lending space is virtually unrecognizable thanks to the disruptive power of financial technology. Fintech is often associated with robo-advisors like Wealthfront and Betterment, but the truth is it started in the lending space. Now there are multiple technology based lending companies that cover everything from student loans to credit card debt. A lot of the marketplace lenders have madeRead MoreCurrent Issues Project On Peer Lending1643 Words   |  7 PagesPeer-to-peer Lending Advancements in technology coupled with new legislation have brought upon a game changer in the financial industry known as peer-to-peer to lending. Originally established as a way to help boost the economy in developing countries, peer-to-peer lending is expanding its capabilities into first world countries through online platforms. This new industry is experiencing tremendous growth, with pwc estimating that it could be a $150 billion business by 2025 (Karabell). The Lending ClubRead MoreThe Effects Of Reporting The Financial Crisis On Subprime Lending812 Words   |  4 Pagesdownturn. However, that financial journalism put aside investigative reporting, as well as the fact that it could not adopt a critical view about the functioning of the system and identified the cracks in the financial market were driven by an even larger political force: the abdication of State’s uncompromised regulation on subprime lending which (1) encouraged a liberal turn of the financial pre ss stressing a pro-market discourse and operating within the parameters of the business world, and (2) increasedRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice1532 Words   |  7 Pagesreligion are inextricably linked—a concept completely foreign to all but the most fundamentalist Americans. The ills of money-lending from the Eastern perspective have been fodder for Western literature for centuries, replete with illustrations that mirror the differences and similarities in East-West cultural norms. In William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice, money-lending has gone awry. In Act I, Scene iii, the Italian Antonio seeks to borrow 3,000 ducats from the Jewish Shylock, and Shylock intends

Understand The Use Of ICT Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Understand The Use Of ICT. Answer: Introduction The purpose of the report is to understand the use of ICT in the business scenario. In the modern day, every business organisation needs to use technology in order to enhance itself and make the product available to the customers. This can help the organisations to gain a competitive advantage in the market (McDermid, 2015, p.45). The report focuses on the application of ICT on a specific organisation. The company in question is a 5-year-old software organisation based in Melbourne. The organisation develops an in-house application and has its market spread across the small and medium sized industries in the country. However, there is limited scope for development for the organisation hence; the option of developing internet security is a top priority. One of the strategies developed by the company is the expansion of business to have an online presence. The executive managers of the organisation are concerned with the type of business that goes on in the market. The potential client for the organisation could be pharmaceutical and hospitality industries. The concern is more on the economic factors rather than the social-economic and environmental factors. The report analyses the ways by which such an organisation can protect itself from the risk of internet security. The application of modern internet security is described in the report. The objective of the report is to investigate the ways by which ICT can be used in order to gain a competitive advantage in business. The organisation is a software company and as a result, it is important for every member to develop acute knowledge about the application of ICT and its uses in the modern world. The uses of the application in order to expand the organisation in the global market are also stated in the report. Furthermore, the report also provides recommendations based on the ways by which the use of ICT can be improved by the organisation. Concept of information and network security Network security is referred to as the actions undertaken by an organisation to prevent any security threats in the software or computers. In the modern world, there have been several instances of breached security services. This occurs due to poor anti-virus and improper monitoring of the software and computer systems. The information and network threat usually occurs during the time of data transfer. According to Bannister Connolly, (2014, p.119), the data transfer can be in the form of both physical as well as electronic. In most cases, data transferred via electronic media is prone to security threats. Network security usually comprises of policies and practises that prevent the threat of unauthorized access to the computer system. The accessibility is monitored and the ways by which these threats can be prevented or mitigated are accessed by the professionals in-charge of the online security system. Markus Mentzer, (2014, p.353) stated that network security is mainly used for the authentication of data. It is a one-factor authentication, as it requires a sole variable for the authentication of data. After the authentication, the data is encrypted with a firewall that prevents the entrance of any threats in the system (Stallings Tahiliani, 2014, p.90). In the light of this statement, it can be said that the firewall needs to be strong and need to have the potential to prevent a threat of the software. Without a proper firewall, the threat of security can be immense. In the modern days, the use of anti-virus software can prevent a threat of attacks. Another immensely important factor that needs to be done is the update of the software. Stahl et al., (2013, p.435) stated that the backdated software is prone to threats from the viruses and hackers. With the quick update of technology in the modern world, it is necessary that the software remain updated to prevent the entry of viruses. In this regard, it can be said that several applications are developed th at prevent the threat of security in the software. Recent technologies used in information and network security In the modern day, the threat of virus and hackers has been a major concern for industries. This is because lots of valuable information is taken away from the organisations that can pose a huge opportunity for the competitors. Not only business, the threat also engulfs the military database that may threaten a country. Hence, Stahl et al., (2016, p.55) stated that technologies need to be developed that can help in the protection of threats in the organisation. Some of the most recent technologies that are used in the security of information and prevention of security are provided. Symantec Advanced Threat Protection Symantec Advanced Threat Protection (SATP) is used for the purpose of uncovering, prioritising, investigating and providing remedial measures to advanced threats that occur in an organisation. This can be done under a single window and can provide resistance to the threat of any security (Chen Zhang, 2014, p.314). The technology also involves cloud-based sandbox and detonation services in order to provide services related to cross point control. The visibility allows customers to check into any security threats and make rectifications based on the threat. ProtectWise Cloud Network DVR According to Hall, (2014, p.21), the ProtectWise Cloud Network offers visualisation, detection and responses to network security events. This includes advanced persistent threats, data filtration and so on. The software detects attacks automatically and prevents the spread of the attack. The advantage of this technology is that it can detect an attack on any device such as computers or mobile phones. It does not have any limit about the window of retention for a network. Fireglass Threat Isolation Platform Firewall is one of the pioneers of isolation technology. This software can be used to fend off malware and phishing threats from the computer. Al-Saggaf et al., (2015, p.235) stated that this software creates a gap between the attacks developed from the web and the applications. Any threat from the web is blocked instantly in order to prevent threats of attack. This provides security for the computers as well as other devices that detect possible threats. Application of these technologies in the organisation Based on the use of this software it can be said that the application of these can help in the improvement of any organisation. In the case of the organisation mentioned in the case study, the use of the software can help it to attain its objective of diversifying the business. The reason for the inability to perform this task was due to the lack of resources to manage the websites and client database. In order to perform this task in an efficient manner, the use of the modern technologies and software related to prevention of web-based threats can be utilised in order to carry the company in a global context (Bull, 2015, p.19). For example, the use of Advanced Threat Protection developed by Symantec is software that can identify complex attacks to the system. This can be used in order to detect any virus or hackers that may use complex software to steal information. According to Ming et al., (2015, p.360), this system can be used worldwide in an effort to curb the increase and sprea d of hackers and viruses through various means of malware. On the other hand, technology such as ProtectWise Cloud can be used to detect threats from any devices. In the modern world, this can prove to be a huge advantage for an organisation, as most people tend to use the internet from various devices apart from the computer. Organisations seeking a long-term future in the software industry can utilise this software, as it has a bright future in the software industry. Chou, (2013, p.79) observed that the use of fire glass can also be effective for business. This is because the spread of malware in corporate business settings is blocked by the use of fire glass. Fire glass isolates the threats and mitigates it without the knowledge of the organisation or the system. This creates an advantage as system clean up is not always necessary for the organisations. In the global context, this software can help in the development of a secured web service throughout the world. Advantages and risks of the technologies Pieprzyk et al., (2013, p.343) stated that the technologies used have certain advantages that may be useful for organisations. These advantages provide opportunities to explore the technologies and implement it for better use in the future. However, Hsiao et al., (2014, p.67) stated that certain risks are also involved that may threaten the use of these technologies. The advantages and the risks that the technologies provide can be listed individually. Symantec Advanced Threat Protection The advanced threat protection developed by Symantec provides for the automatic detection of threats in a system. The system prioritises the critical events that may threaten the software and system. Apart from this, even if the system is infected then the technology can provide remedies within a few minutes (Vasilakos et al. 2015, p.10). These advantages provide organisations with proper support and prevention techniques that help to eliminate any threats of a virus. However, the risks that are involved because of this include the use of updated software (Carroll, 2014, p.90). An organisation adopting the use of this software needs to ensure that the system in which they are installing the technology is updated and have the potential to install the software. The high maintenance of the software makes it a risk factor for the organisations implementing the use of the technology. The application of this technique in the organisation provided in the case study can help in the protectio n of the system. The automatic detection of threats is a huge advantage for the organisation as it lacks the required employees to handle the technology. The risk factor needs to be considered in order to ensure that the software can be installed in the system (Perlman et al., 2016, p.56). ProtectWise Cloud Network DVR The advantage that ProtectWise can provide is the flexibility of the coverage of the threats. According to Jouini et al., (2014, p.489), the threat of attacks come from various sources. These sources need to be identified and eliminated in such a manner so that it can help in mitigating the threats of the viruses and hackers. ProtectWise helps in maintaining the flexibility regarding covering large areas in the system. The data that is passed by the use of this technology remains encrypted (Kahate, 2013, p.67). This provides additional security of data in the end. The managing of customers is also done with the help of this software. However, as stated by Hau, (2013, p.99), the challenges to this system are also intense. The use of sophisticated malware can catch the software off-guard. The sudden attack on the cloud-computing model can make it difficult for ProtectWise to make recommendations using suitable solutions. This important factor needs to be considered by the case study or ganisation before implementing its technique. The reason for the failure to detect immediate threat is the vast expansion of range in the domain that makes it difficult to anticipate the threat from the correct sources. Fireglass Threat Isolation Platform The advantage provided by fire glass threat is the fact that the software blocks malware threats from reaching the systems. The uniqueness by which the technology deals with the handling of malware can help it to ensure that the software can be used to detect any threats from viruses. Pathan, (2016, p.89) stated that another advantage that the fire glass is that it increases the productivity of an organisation. This is because employees can maintain their focus on the job that they are doing rather than worrying about the security threat. However, the risk factor that remains is the fact that the fire glass blocks the use of any website that is deemed to be dangerous (Bhargava et al., 2013, p.12). In this regard, any helpful information may not be accessed easily due to issue in accessibility. Hence, the use of this technology in the system needs to be done strategically. In the case of the given organisation, the use of fire glass can help in maintaining the total security of inform ation without having to access online portals. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that in order to maintain proper cyber security at the workplace it is necessary that every organisation adopt certain technologies that can help in maintaining proper security in the workplace. The purpose of the report was to analyse the security threats that exist in an organisation and as a result, certain issues were addressed. The issues addressed in this context include the security threats that are posted by the hackers and viruses. This can cause problems in an organisation as secret documents can be seized. These technologies need to be verified and tested before its application in the organisational context. Every organisation needs to verify the advantages and risks that are involved in the use of these technologies. This provides an opportunity to analyse the security software before implementing it in a final context. The significance of the findings is to keep people aware of the possible threats that can be suffered if proper anti-virus is no t used. The objective of the report has been achieved by identifying the technologies that can help in mitigating the security threats. These technologies are built keeping in mind the amount of threat that exists in the modern world. The use of these technologies can help in the identification of immediate dangers and prevent the loss of any important documents. The advantages and risks involved in these techniques have identified that need to be managed by the organisations implementing it. In this regard, the organisation in the case study has been taken as the primary example. The application of these in an organisational context is analysed. The report also provides a future scope of study for the topic. Researchers can also identify the use of these technologies in a reputed organisation. Recommendation After analysing the situation of the organisation and identifying the advantages and risks of the technologies, recommendations can be made that can help in the improvement of the organisation. Some of the recommendations include the authentic use of anti-virus system. The anti-virus used by the organisation need to be authentic so that it can detect the threats at any time. This can help in keeping out any possibilities of a virus as viruses normally occur in a system that uses backdated anti-virus technology. Apart from another recommendation, include the constant update of software. In order to use the modern technologies effectively, the organisation needs to maintain software that supports the working of the technologies. A third recommendation includes the recruitment of trained IT personnel. This is required in order to manage the technologies effectively and ensure that trained personnel manage to implement the technologies and identify threats that may occur. A fourth recomm endation includes the application of any one of the technologies. The application of these technologies can help in preventing any virus attack or threat in the systems. The risk factors need to be mitigated strategically in order to ensure a smooth flow of work activity. References Al-Saggaf, Y., Burmeister, O., Weckert, J. (2015). Reasons behind unethical behaviour in the Australian ICT workplace: An empirical investigation.Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society,13(3/4), 235-255. Bannister, F., Connolly, R. (2014). ICT, public values and transformative government: A framework and programme for research.Government Information Quarterly,31(1), 119-128. Bhargava, V. K., Poor, H. V., Tarokh, V., Yoon, S. (Eds.). (2013).Communications, information and network security(Vol. 712). Springer Science Business Media. Bull, R. (2015). ICT as an enabler for sustainable development: reflections on opportunities and barriers.Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society,13(1), 19-23. Carroll, J. M. (2014).Computer security. Butterworth-Heinemann. Chen, C. P., Zhang, C. Y. (2014). Data-intensive applications, challenges, techniques and technologies: A survey on Big Data.Information Sciences,275, 314-347. Chou, T. S. (2013). Security threats on cloud computing vulnerabilities.International Journal of Computer Science Information Technology,5(3), 79. Hall, B. R. (2014). A synthesized definition of computer ethics.ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society,44(3), 21-35. Hau, E. (2013).Wind turbines: fundamentals, technologies, application, economics. Springer Science Business Media. Hsiao, D. K., Kerr, D. S., Madnick, S. E. (2014).Computer security. Academic Press. Jouini, M., Rabai, L. B. A., Aissa, A. B. (2014). Classification of security threats in information systems.Procedia Computer Science,32, 489-496. Kahate, A. (2013).Cryptography and network security. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Markus, M. L., Mentzer, K. (2014). Foresight for a responsible future with ICT.Information Systems Frontiers,16(3), 353-368. McDermid, D. (2015).Ethics in ICT: an Australian perspective. Pearson Higher Education AU. Ming, T. M., Jabar, M. A., Sidi, F., Wei, K. T. (2015). A systematic literature review of computer ethics issues.Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology,78(3), 360. Pathan, A. S. K. (Ed.). (2016).Security of self-organizing networks: MANET, WSN, WMN, VANET. CRC press. Perlman, R., Kaufman, C., Speciner, M. (2016).Network security: private communication in a public world. Pearson Education Pieprzyk, J., Hardjono, T., Seberry, J. (2013).Fundamentals of computer security. Springer Science Business Media. Stahl, B. C., Flick, C., Hall, R. (2013). Evaluating research quality in technology ethics.The possibilities of ethical ICT, 435. Stahl, B. C., Timmermans, J., Mittelstadt, B. D. (2016). The ethics of computing: A survey of the computing-oriented literature.ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR),48(4), 55. Stallings, W., Tahiliani, M. P. (2014).Cryptography and network security: principles and practice(Vol. 6). London: Pearson. Vasilakos, A. V., Li, Z., Simon, G., You, W. (2015). Information centric network: Research challenges and opportunities.Journal of Network and Computer Applications,52, 1-10.

Red Badge Of Courage Essays (941 words) - The Red Badge Of Courage

Red Badge Of Courage Henry, "the youth", was a young man who lived on a farm with his mother. He dreamed about what fighting in a war would be like, and dreamed of being a hero. He dreamed of the battles of war, and of what it would be like to fight in those glorious battles. His mother was a wise, caring woman who had strong convictions about not wanting Henry to goto war. She is a very hardworking woman, and loves her son a great deal. She gave him hundreds of reasons why he was needed on the farm and not in the war. Henry knew his mother would not want him to enlist, but it was his decision to make. He dreamed of the battles of war, and of what it would be like to fight in those glorious battles. He didn't want to stay on the farm with nothing to do, so he made his final decision to enlist. After enlisting he finds himself in a similar situation, with nothing to do. While there he becomes friends with two other soldiers, John Wilson, "the loud soldier / "the friend" and Jim Conklin, "the tall soldier". Wilson was a loud spoken and obnoxious soldier who becomes one of Henry's best friends. Jim was a tall soldier and was a childhood friend of Henry's. He was always calm and matter-of-fact like. He also loves pork sandwiches as that is all he eats. Wilson was as excited about going to war as Henry, while Jim was confident about the success of the new regiment. Wilson is acts very confident, and boasts of how well he will fight. After a few days of marching, Henry realizes that they have been wandering about aimlessly in circles. They continue to march wothout purpose, direction, and fighting. During this time Henry starts to think diffrently about war, amore close experienced way. He starts to lose some of his ideals of war, and starts to become scared of running away from a batlle. Lieutenant Hasbrouck, a young lieutenant of the 304th regiment (Henry's regiment), is an extremely brave man. He also is constantly cursing. He, unlike the other officers, cares about and defends his troops performance and makes sure they get the recognition they deserve. He is a true leader and he is a model of what Henry and Wilson wish to become. After a while the regiment finally discovers a battle taking place. Jim gives Henry a yellow envelope with a packet inside. He is confident that he will die, and says that this will be his first and last battle. The regiment manages to hold off the rebels during the first attack, but the rebels like machines of steel; relentlessly came back again and again with reinforcements driving the soldiers back. Henry becomes scared, confused, and goes into a trance when he sees his forces depleting. He finally gets up and starts to run like a "proverbial chicken", who has lost the direction of safety. After he has run away he starts to anaylze himself and rationalize his actions. At first he thinks himself a a coward for running, and later he feels he was just saving himself for later. He thinks nature does not want him to die, eventhough his side was losing. He believes he was intelligent to run, and hopes he will die in battle to spite. Henry, still running, is met by a "tattered soldier" and he comes upon Jim who has been wounded badly. He does not complain about his pain, but asks Henry to move him out the road so he is not run over by artillery wagons. Even in his agony, he is concered about Henry and asks how he is faring. As his death grew nearer, Jim runs into a field looking for a suitable place to die. He ignores Henry's offers of help, and as his body jerked horribly, he falls and dies. The only other witness to his death, "the tattered soldier", is impressed mostly by Jim's bravery and courage. The tattered soldier appears to be a simple and innocent man. Though he is very simplistic and unsophisticated, he is a brave, kind, and responsible man. Henry walks away hurting inside and dangerous to himself. In the charge ahead Henry asks fleeing soldiers why they are running. He grabs a comrad and asked "why why" all the while holding his arm. The man struggling to be let go, hits Henry over the head with the butt of his

The True Nature of the Private Sector in Nigeria

The True Nature of the Private Sector in Nigeria Free Online Research Papers The True Nature of the Private Sector in Nigeria By Ikechukwu A. Ogu. Generally, every free market economy is divided into two sectors, the public sector and the private sector. The former is â€Å"the portion of a nation’s affairs, especially economic affairs, that is controlled by government agencies†, while the latter is â€Å"the part †¦ that is made up of companies and organizations that are not owned or controlled by the government.† Despite this distinction, instances exist where the state invests in private sector concerns and becomes part-owner thereof, in addition to floating new companies or commercializing existing ones to compete with private sector organizations in economic activities. The above distinction between the two sectors is upheld in Nigeria on paper. But a scrutiny of the composition and modus operandi of most ‘private sector’ organisations and the intricate connection between them and ‘public sector’ institutions and officials in Nigeria reveals something quite contrary to the commonplace understanding of the two expressions. This distortion is rooted in the pervasive corruption and mal-administration which give every principle a different colouration and meaning in the country. As a result, we have the Nigerian version of almost every concept, such as the amusing Nigerian â€Å"home-grown democracy† which is nothing but a pervert of the generally accepted principles of democracy. As we shall soon see, many ‘private sector’ outfits in Nigeria are actually owned by public officers, their relations or fronts. This creates the impression that such organisations are extensions of the public sector and makes it difficult to know, in real terms, what constitutes the ‘public sector’ and ‘private sector’, respectively, in Nigeria. However, I will present my perception of the true nature of the Nigerian private sector, by looking at the actual structure and operations of the organisations which are passed off as such in Nigeria. This analysis does not pretend to be exhaustive. In the first group, we have corporations and institutions built and operated with public funds which are privatized and sold, under suspicious circumstances, to persons or companies fronting for high-ranking government officials, and thereafter presented as ‘private sector organisations’. Often, these government institutions are first run down by the officials who are bent on privatizing them, in order to justify their privatization. Then they are undervalued and sold at a discount, with no store set by the value of their assets and government’s investments therein. The funds used to purchase them, which were initially looted from public treasury, are further looted after their ‘remittance’ by the ‘buyers’ to government coffers. Till date, no one can point to any specific, genuine project to which the proceeds of the privatization of public institutions in Nigeria were channelled. The new owners may liquidate the company, merge or combine it with existing companies to form a monopoly or cartel for the exploitation of poor Nigerians. For instance, it was alleged that the ‘core investor’ who ‘bought’ the Ajaokuta Steel Company was busy cannibalizing and taking outside Nigeria the raw materials and products found within the complex. The next group is made up of companies incorporated by serving government officials, either using their names or (often) those of family members and friends as members/directors. What do these government officials do? They channel almost all juicy contracts in their organizations to such companies, while exploiting their links in other government institutions to secure more lucrative jobs for them. Such contracts are hardly ever executed according to specifications; most times, from the outset, the intention to do a shoddy job is shared by the parties, yet the company gets paid handsomely and continues to earn patronage from public institutions. Closely related to the above is another group consisting of companies owned by retired high-ranking government officials who corruptly enriched themselves while in service. These persons become contractors immediately upon leaving public office, use their ill-gotten wealth to establish blue chip corporate outfits and continue the looting of government funds in a private capacity. Where they have a good rapport with their successors-in-office, they easily secure very lucrative contract awards based on quid pro quo basis, and also exploit their connections in other government agencies to the same effect. The fourth group comprises private companies or organizations that depend solely on government patronage in order to remain afloat; they have no other customer(s) outside the government and its officials. These corporate outfits do everything – including bribing and blackmailing influential government officials – to secure contract awards from governments, its ministries and agencies. Thereafter, they supply substandard goods, render low-quality services, fail to execute jobs or execute same poorly, and then share the windfall with their benefactors. The companies here could be owned by politicians-cum-contractors, retired or serving public servants and their private fronts. From the proceeds of such corrupt contracts, some of these people make a public show of acts of philanthropy and arrogate to themselves the appellation ‘philanthropist’. The fifth class consists of companies owned by expatriates and their Nigerian collaborators. Here, we have the multi-national companies which have acquired the status of sovereign nations, being treated as extensions of their countries of origin. These outfits, whether owned solely by expatriates (which Nigerian law permits) or in association with their Nigerian fronts, create the impression of being in the country to do genuine business. The reality is that their mission is profit maximization, even at the loss and pain of their host nation. Aided by their local fronts and collaborators, they do everything to milk the country dry and contravene its laws. The recently unearthed bribery scandal involving the USA company Halliburton and some Nigerian officials is a case in point. In the sixth type are banks which depend heavily on deposits by the government and its agencies. Although they complement this with unwholesome, sharp banking practices against innocent depositors, most of these banks will soon collapse should state funds be withdrawn from them. Under the dubious ‘public private partnership’ (PPP) arrangements, these banks collude with public officials in a sham sponsorship of public projects by applying government funds in their custody thereto, which moneys are then presented as coming from the banks and to be repaid by the government with high interest charges. Also within this group are some private estate developers. Rumour has it that, based on underhand deals between them and some government officials, they easily get land allocations from the government and funds from public institutions like the National Housing Fund (NHF) with which they execute mass housing projects. These low-quality houses are then offered for sale to Nigerians at cut-throat prices, under the guise that the funds came from the private estate developers. This may explain why the NHF hardly ever gives housing loans to civil servants who are entitled to same, being legally bound to make monthly contributions to the Fund. At this juncture, I commend President Goodluck Jonathan’s decision to give housing/land loans directly to public servants. In the seventh group are some prominent Nigerians who are granted oil blocs by the government or granted licences to lift crude oil or import refined petroleum products. These select few undeservedly feed fat on our common wealth and short-change Nigeria and Nigerians. In a country with more than 80% of its citizens in the throes of abject poverty, where successive governments ascribe their abysmal failure to ‘paucity of funds’, one is dumbfounded that few persons are given official licence to amass immense wealth from what belongs to all. Where is the sense in an oil-producing country, with four refineries, importing refined petroleum products? Some past rulers, after defrauding Nigeria, use their loot to build refineries in other countries to which our crude oil is now sent for refining! Again, allegations are rife that the licensed importers lift refined petroleum from Nigeria, move some nautical miles away, return to the country and make claims on government for impo rting same! This unchecked fraud accounts for the huge money successive regimes in Nigeria since the middle 1980s claim to be spending as ‘subsidy’ in the downstream sector of the petroleum industry! The eighth category is made up of companies which, apparently, may not depend much on government patronage in the real sense of it for their operations, but rely on the complicit indifference of regulatory agencies to their unwholesome business activities whereof they rip off poor Nigerians. The telecommunications and transport outfits are some very handy examples. These companies subject Nigerians to subhuman treatment and untold exploitation, while the authorities exhibit inertia. For instance, it is certain to the average Nigerian that the Nigerian Communications Commission, National Assembly and Ministry of Information and Communications are apathetic to the exploitation of Nigerians by the providers of mobile telephony. These companies impose whatever tariffs that suit their fancy, and arbitrarily review same upwards. The use of the expression ‘private sector organisations’ here includes the supposed non-profit oriented NGOs and companies limited by guarantee. A common characteristic of almost all these ‘private sector’ concerns is their penchant to do everything to frustrate any form of regulation in their relevant industries. The government agencies charged with their regulation easily become victims of regulatory capture, willingly or owing to blackmail, enabling the companies to feed fat on corrupt contract awards and profiteer at the expense of Nigeria and poor Nigerians. Without prejudice to the pervasiveness of this version of ‘private sector’ in Nigeria, one does not deny the existence of some private sector concerns in the real sense of the expression. Granted that some of the proprietors here may be fraudulent and predatory, others eke out an honest living in the midst of epileptic power supply, high expense on alternative power supply, bad roads, insecurity of lives and properties, high cost of transportation and other militating factors. Most of these people sold their family lands, buildings or other choice assets or even borrowed money from shylock-like money lenders to establish their businesses, and have no connection with public funds in terms of inflated, poorly executed or unexecuted contracts and corrupt deals through which public funds are embezzled in Nigeria. In my humble view, the foregoing is the true nature of the Nigerian private sector. It is this ‘private sector’ that successive Nigerian governments since the middle 1980s claim is duty-bound and best positioned to provide and manage basic amenities such as motorable roads, potable water, hospitals, schools, housing and electricity for the citizenry! But how organizations and proprietors that depend solely on government patronage, corrupt deals with public officers, shady contract awards from government agencies, the inertia of regulatory agencies, and who hardly deliver on such jobs are considered better placed to carry out this alien ‘duty’ remains a mind-boggling puzzle to me. Against this background, it is no wonder that despite huge annual budgetary allocations to capital projects and overheads, no appreciable progress has been made in Nigeria over the years. Almost the entire funds meant for capital projects and overheads end up in the pockets of serving or retired government officials, their fronts and private persons who are parasites on government funds. The much talked-about Public Procurement Act has not changed anything, for it is still business as usual in the award of government contracts. Government contracts are still awarded to the categories of ‘private sector’ organisations whose modus operandi we have seen above. Contrary to the accusing fingers the government points at the impoverished civil servant who earns less than N18,000 monthly, it is the incidence of corrupt contract awards, other corrupt deals, outrageous salaries and allowances of Federal legislators and political office holders, wastage of huge resources on white elephant projects, Nigeria’s sponsorship of several ventures which benefit foreign countries, etc, that deplete government funds. Within a space of four years, the salaries of political office holders have been reviewed upwards twice because same is no longer realistic under the prevailing economic conditions, while poorly paid civil servants are not considered equally entitled! It is not large workforce but misappropriated capital and overhead budgetary votes that greatly account for Nigeria’s stagnation. Is it the poor civil servant that awards contracts or disburses overhead votes? By induction from the foregoing, one can confidently say that Nigeria serves both the privileged public servant and the ‘private entrepreneur’ and nobody serves the country. If this ugly, unfortunate and dangerous trend is not checked, Nigeria will never move forward. In the midst of these corrupt practices, whatever lofty plans the government may have will certainly come to naught. May the merciful God salvage Nigeria and poor Nigerians from evil Nigerians in Jesus’ name, amen. Ikechukwu A. Ogu, a legal practitioner, writes from Central Business District, Abuja, Nigeria (ikechukwuogu@yahoo.com). Research Papers on The True Nature of the Private Sector in NigeriaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAWDefinition of Export QuotasThe Project Managment Office SystemUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductStandardized TestingIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalBringing Democracy to AfricaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Examples of Mixed Metaphors and Cliches

Examples of Mixed Metaphors and Cliches As defined in our glossary, a mixed metaphor is a succession of incongruous or ludicrous comparisons. When two or more metaphors (or cliches) are jumbled together, often illogically, we say that these comparisons are mixed. In Garners Modern American Usage, Bryan A. Garner offers this classic example of a mixed metaphor from a speech by Boyle Roche in the Irish Parliament: Mr. Speaker, I smell a rat. I see him floating in the air. But mark me, sir, I will nip him in the bud. This sort of mixed metaphor may occur when a speaker is so familiar with the figurative sense of a phrase (smell a rat, nip in the bud) that he fails to recognize the absurdity that results from a literal reading. Now and then a writer may deliberately introduce mixed metaphors as a way of exploring an idea. Consider this example from British journalist Lynne Truss: Well, if punctuation is the stitching of language, language comes apart, obviously, and all the buttons fall off. If punctuation provides the traffic signals, words bang into each other and everyone ends up in Minehead. If one can bear for a moment to think of punctuation marks as those invisibly beneficent fairies (Im sorry), our poor deprived language goes parched and pillowless to bed. And if you take the courtesy analogy, a sentence no longer holds the door open for you to walk in, but drops it in your face as you approach. Some readers may be amused by this sort of metaphorical mix; others may find it tiresomely twee. In most cases, mixed metaphors are accidental, and the haphazard juxtaposition of images is likely to be more comical or perplexing than revealing. So stick these examples in your pipe and chew them over. So now what we are dealing with is the rubber meeting the road, and instead of biting the bullet on these issues, we just want to punt.[T]he bill is mostly a stew of spending on existing programs, whatever their warts may be.A friend of mine, talking about the Democratic presidential candidates, tossed out a wonderful mixed metaphor: This is awfully weak tea to have to hang your hat on.The mayor has a heart as big as the Sahara for protecting his police officers, and that is commendable. Unfortunately, he also often strips his gears by failing to engage the clutch when shifting what emanates from his brain to his mouth. The bullets he fires too often land in his own feet.The walls had fallen down and the Windows had opened, making the world much flatter than it had ever been but the age of seamless global communication had not yet dawned.Ive spent a lot of time in the subways, said Shwa. Its a dank and dark experience. You feel morbid. The environment contributes to the fear that de velops in men and women. The moment that you walk into the bowels of the armpit of the cesspool of crime, you immediately cringe. Anyone who gets in the way of this cunning steamroller will find himself on a card-index file and then in hot very hot water.A Pentagon staffer, complaining that efforts to reform the military have been too timid: Its just ham-fisted salami-slicing by the bean counters.All at once, he was alone in this noisy hive with no place to roost.Top Bush hands are starting to get sweaty about where they left their fingerprints. Scapegoating the rotten apples at the bottom of the militarys barrel may not be a slam-dunk escape route from accountability anymore.It is easy to condemn Thurmond, Byrd and their fellow pork barons. Few of us would hail a career spent stewarding the federal gravy train as the vocation of a statesman.Rather than wallowing in tears, let this passionate community strike while the iron is hot. It probably won’t cost the National Park Service a single penny, will be no skin off its nose, will heal the community and it presents a golden opportunity for first-person interpretation. Federal Judge Susan Webber Wright stepped up to the plate and called a foul.[Robert D.] Kaplan keeps getting into scrapes at the keyboard. I wanted a visual sense of the socioeconomic stew in which Al Qaeda flourished. You smile in admiration, as at something rare, like a triple play; its a double mixed metaphor. Remember this: Keep an eye on your metaphors and an ear to the ground so that you dont end up with your foot in your mouth. Sources Lynne Truss,  Eats, Shoots Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation, 2003 Chicago Tribune, cited by  The New Yorker, August 13, 2007 The New York Times, January 27, 2009 Montgomery Advertiser, Alabama, cited by  The New Yorker, November 16, 1987 Bob Herbert, Behind the Curtain,  The New York Times, November 27, 2007 Thomas L. Friedman,  The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century, 2005 Our Town, N.Y., cited by  The New Yorker, March 27, 2000 Len Deighton,  Winter: A Novel of a Berlin Family, 1988 The Wall Street Journal, May 9, 1997 Tom Wolfe,  The Bonfire of the Vanities Frank Rich,  The New York Times, July 18, 2008 Jonathan Freedland,  Bring Home The Revolution, 1998 Daily Astorian, cited by  The New Yorker, April 21, 2006 Catherine Crier,  The Case Against Lawyers, 2002 David Lipsky, Appropriating the Globe,  The New York Times, November 27, 2005 Garner, Bryan A. Garners Modern American Usage. 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, October 30, 2003.

Women and Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Women and Sexuality - Essay Example This will help in curbing the ever increasing number of victims STIs and other infections. In addition, the use of condoms and other preventive devices should be over emphasized in any adult films or movies. This will help in spreading the message of constant and correct use of protective devices during sexual intercourse. It is also beneficial to regulate the sex industry just like any business is regulated, because there are many advantages attached to it such as, preventing overcrowding in the same business, and unscrupulous trading or getting involved in dangerous business activities. Base on these, the victims of the sex industry or prostitution will always follow the laws to the letter, with those not abiding being liable for punishment. As per decriminalization, it is not necessary to develop a set of extra laws to regulate the sex industry as per the already in place regulatory approaches. This has been demonstrated by countries such Australia and New Zealand. By decriminalization, benefits have been realized in that there has been high compliance. This is because when businesses are treated without discrimination, barriers tend to reduce. There has also been increased transparency in that the model has been perceived as a whole governments approach to regulation (Brents, Barbara and Hausbeck, 2010). According to Bernstein and Elizabeth (2010), regulating this prevailing and escalating industry or commercial sex services premises (SSP) would call for developing consent with the historic location of SSP. Over the years, the legislation concerned with the law have also ensured that the building operating in the vicinity of mixed commercial areas, with no amenity impacts for quite some time and still unable to surrender a DA are not permitted to continue with the business. To allow for independent sex worker, especially those who might be found in

Sociology (death and Dying) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sociology (death and Dying) - Essay Example However, there are also some Chinese buried in other parts of the cemetery. 2. Graves of the Filipinos are mostly flat headstones. I observed that white headstones are dominant in the cemetery. But as I walked around, I have seen also some that are black in color. These black headstones are made of granite. There are also some maroon headstones that I saw but these are very rare. In the area where most of the population is Chinese, I noticed that mausoleum is a more popular choice than flat headstones. 3. Based on my observation, I think half of the graves in Eternal Gardens are more sentimental than the other half. Some of the graves just show the name of the person who died his/her birth date, and the date of death. But those that are sentimental have some quotes like "In loving memory of" There are also some inscriptions that show the nicknames of the dead or how they were called when they were still alive followed by the phrase "is now in the loving arms of the Lord". The inscription pattern that I noticed in the cemetery is that children's graves are often engraved with images of angels. For women, the most common inscription that I saw is "A loving mother". Also, I noticed that most headstones are engraved with images of rosary and crucifix. There is no distinct pattern for men. I think inscriptions and designs of children's graves are more sentimental than others. When I passed by the mausoleums of Chinese, of cou... Maybe it is also because All Souls' Day was approaching. Some sites already have flowers that were starting to wither, but there were also some that have fresh flowers and with candles. These are the only indications that gave me the idea that the grave sites had been recently visited. Chinese mausoleums also have indications that they have been visited. The things that I saw in there were the incense sticks, some flowers, gold paper with Chinese characters, and red candles that are engraved with gold dragons. The weirdest things that I noticed in mausoleums were the food left by the relatives for the dead. It was like they are leaving the dead some food to eat, as if he/she is still alive. 5. The inscriptions and the images engraved in the headstones gave me the idea that the clients of Eternal Gardens are Catholics. As it was said in the earlier part of this paper, the headstones are often engraved with images of rosary and crucifix. The headstones of deceased children have angels on them. Also, I saw an image of Blessed Virgin Mary within the cemetery. This is why I thought that Filipinos and other clients of the cemetery are devoted Catholics. The inscription, like "A loving mother", also reveals the social status of the dead during her life on earth. I also saw an inscription like this: "A devoted husband, a loving father, and a caring brother". This inscription tells all the important roles that the dead had played when he was still alive. The Chinese characters printed on the mausoleums prove that the body lying there is a Chinese. Also, it gave the idea that those with mausoleums are richer than those with just flat headstones. 6. When I will be dead, I can see myself lying inside an urn. I

Personally I have sympathy Essay Example for Free

Personally I have sympathy Essay He also states I had deprived myself of rest and health, meaning that he had worked so hard and long it had effected his health. When Victor looks for the monster on the frozen ocean he still tries to gain sympathy using language such as despair and I myself was about to sink under accumulation of distress. Here he is speaking metaphorically; hes talking about sinking in the sea, as well as sinking emotionally. With so much talk of self pity, the reader could easily forget that this journey is one of vengeance. Victor sees the monster as his enemy and says his soul is as hellish as his form, full of treachery, and fiend like malice. He also tells Walton to thrust your sword into his heart, I will hover near, and direct the steel alright. His hate for the monster is so intense; he thinks that he can help in killing the monster, even in supernatural life. Even though Victor is seen as an arrogant, self righteous character, we have sympathy for him because he starts a series of events that he eventually has no control over. He creates a monster that kills his family and feels compelled to seek him out and end his life. His desire is burning within my heart, and he is powerless not to obey it. Whereas Victors downfall could be seen as of his own making, the creature seems to be a victim of circumstance and outside influences. The creature says, The completion of my demoniacal design became an insatiable passion. He considers himself to have no control over his actions as they are a result of how he was made. He also claims I had no choice but to adapt my nature to an element which I had willingly chosen, and that evil thenceforth became my good. The monster is looking for understanding for his terrible actions when he says I was the slave, not the master. He is trying to portray himself as a victim rather than the villain. In this passage the creature speaks descriptively to try and make the reader feel sympathy. He says that in the beginning it was the love of virtue, he feelings of happiness and affection with which my whole being overflowed. This turned into bitter loathing and despair and it speaks of how its crimes had degraded itself. It compares itself to a fallen angel who becomes a malignant devil. It considers itself to be more sinned against than the sinner when it says all humankind sinned against me. The feeling of self pity continues with I desired love and fellowship and I was still spurned and your abhorrence cannot equal that with which I regard myself. It feels totally injustice towards itself with everyone despising it and having sympathy only for Victor. This would make the reader feel very sympathetic towards the monster he has only turned out to be the despised and hated creature that he now is due to the actions of others. Both characters make convincing cases in an attempt to gain sympathy from the reader. Both are sinned against, (Victor has his family killed by his own creation and his creation itself is abandoned and despised) and it is a matter of opinion who the victim actually is. The reasons behind Victor deciding to create life in the first place could be seen as an important factor. Was he trying to be the first person to create life in this way to satisfy his ego or was he doing it for the good of human kind? Personally I have sympathy for both Victor and the monster. But if I had to choose one it would be the monster, because it was born an adult and never got chance to learn right from wrong and it had no parents to teach it anything nor no friends. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

The Ethics of Spam Prevention Essay -- Internet Computers Technology E

The Ethics of Spam Prevention The user base of the Internet and World Wide Web grows by millions of users each year. In recent years this has created an explosion in the number of Internet email accounts and addresses. Companies such as Microsoft, Yahoo and Netscape have made free email accounts available for the world to use. Many people have multiple email accounts on the web, in addition to those that they may have for business purposes. This increase in the number of users around the world surfing the Internet and using email has created a new problem and a very disturbing trend. Spam or unsolicited email messages, has become such a problem for people that it is common for users to spend a large portion of their time online just sifting through and deleting unwanted email. Spam has become an effective form of advertisement for any company or individual that uses the internet. Practically any type of product or service imaginable is being promoted through the use of spam. Many of these products that are being promoted are pornographic and can be offensive or harmful to people, especially to children. These spam messages however, are sent out indiscriminately to any email address that the spammer or source of the spam can find. Part of the reason that Internet users have more than one free web based email account is to avoid spam. People create new accounts for themselves because the spammers have found the old addresses and filled the inboxes with unwanted email. The progress of spamming technologies has created a whole new set of security products and features that companies and email providers must give users to make them competitive among email providers. Individual citizens and businesses have the ... ... enforce it. This type of a policy would certainly cause a drop in the billions of unsolicited messages sent each day, which are costing individuals time, money and productivity. Bibliography Google .com, 23 May 2004, http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&ie=UTF-8&q=%E2%80%9C@msn.com%E2%80%9D John Leyden, 10 Mar. 2004, The Register, 22 May 2004 , http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/03/10/big_us_isps_set_legal/ Spam Statistics 2004, 2004, Spam Filter Review, http://www.spamfilterreview.com/spam-statistics.html David E. Sorkin, 16 Dec. 2003, Spam Laws, 22 May 2004 , http://www.spamlaws.com/federal/108s877.html Paul Roberts, 19 May 2004, IDG News Service (PCWorld.com), 22 May 2004, http://www.pcworld.com/news/article/0,aid,116178,00.asp John Leyden, 27 Apr. 2004, The Register, 22 May 2004 , http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/04/27/spam_law_review/

The purpose of this (SBA) School based Assessment

AimWhat are the factors responsible for land pollution in the community of East Dry River Port of Spain, Trinidad?Method of Data CollectionHow was the data collected?Attempts were made to walk around the street with bags in search of rubbish within #50 Argyle Street East Dry River, Port of Spain. Where no rubbish were found after a few numbers of visits, no further attempt was made to go back in search of more.Where was data collected?The study area was at #50 Argyle Street East Dry River, Port of Spain, which is shown in the location map, Map #2. Activities were conducted and plenty of rubbish was collected and stored in plastic bags.When was data collected?Rubbish activities were completed on (Monday 15th of October to Tuesday 21st of November) between (10.00 am to 3.00pm).PRESENTATION OF STUDYAccording to the Caribbean Environment for CXC Geography, Pollution is a substance which causes an undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological environment. Although there are s ome natural pollutants such as volcanoes, pollution generally occurs because of human activity. Pollution occurs in three ways:Land Water Air.Pollution may affect: the atmosphere. This is Air Pollution, rivers, seas, lakes and groundwater. This is Water Pollution, rocks and the soil.This is Land Pollution.No part of the world is free from air pollution. In the Arctic and Antarctic, the air appears clear; but traces of industrial chemicals can be found in the atmosphere and in falling snow. In most of the Caribbean, the air also appears clean. The trade winds blow from the east, across several thousand kilometers at Open Ocean. However, both worldwide and locally generated air pollution affects the region.Production of excess carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases is a form of air pollution, which has worldwide effects I have also found that pollution is a substance which causes an undesirable change in the physical, chemical or biological environment. Although there are some natural po llutants such as volcanoes, pollution generally occurs because of human activity, and in that 35% of bottles, 40% of rappers and 25% of paper were found.A divided circle diagram showing the percentage of rubbish that was collected during rubbish activities. Of the 100 % of rubbish that was collected 35% was Bottles, 40% was Rappers and 25% was PaperTally Sheet Showing the Number of Rubbish That Were Collected During the Activities Bottles 35% Rappers 40% Papers 25%Bar Graph Showing The Number of Rubbish That were Collected During the Activities

Americans Are Wasteful People

Americans are wasteful people How much do Americans waste? What a good question. Americans generate 30% of the world’s garbage. Americans waste many different things over 10 years. However, the government is taking measures to fix the problem, and Americans are contributing to reduce this problem. The wastefulness of the population is a major problem in USA. A wasteful person is one who is inclined to waste. Thus, recycling is not part of their daily routine. A wasteful person is characterized by useless consumption.Americans have become increasingly wasteful since mid-1990s. In the 1990s, the American population was wasting significantly high amounts of several goods, and no one was recycling. In 1990, less than 2% of America total waste was recycled. Americans were annually wasting 130 million dollars of energy and 165 million dollars of food. In addition, each American wasted an average of 2. 3 million liters of water per year. The most dangerous items wasted by America are : water, paper, energy, glass, food and plastic.For example, by not turning off the water while showering, Americans wasted 130 million dollars of energy and over 2 million liters of water. Americans often left their lights on when not needed. Trees were being unnecessarily destroyed to produce paper because only about one third of the paper produced was being recycled, and only to 37% of glass and 7% of plastic were recycled. Thus, resources were wasted unnecessarily. America started facing this big problem. Of course, the government wanted to reverse the problem and implemented measures.These measures were implemented to promote everyone to recycle. Recyclable trash receptacles were put all over the cities. TV and posters advertisements were made to encourage everyone to recycle. Investments in the recycle industry increased. Resources that were not recyclable were used to produce final goods and were replaced with recyclable goods. For instance, pickles used to be sold in jars; h owever, now there are sold in plastic jars. Other measures are going to be implemented; however, the ones already implemented are solving the problem.As Americans started to see these measures being implemented, they were really encouraged. Americans started to be less wasteful. Home-recycling increased, and energy consumption decreased. For instance, those unnecessary lights were turned off. Useless water consumption decreased, so Americans had water running only when needed. Although many actions are needed, 77% of all Americans are now recycling. The government measures were successful, and certainly waste will decrease as time goes by. The environment is clearly better. Americans are wasteful people, however they are wasting less.

Medical Misdiagnosis Essay Example

Medical Misdiagnosis Essay Example Medical Misdiagnosis Paper Medical Misdiagnosis Paper Lies covering up medical misdiagnosis can never be morally justified. One who is found responsible for medical misdiagnosis should never be allowed to flee without compensating the aggrieved party for any injury done or being accountable for his/her mistake. Such accountability would be lost if one is allowed to nullify his mistakes through lying. On the other hand, any aggrieved party must not be complacent in any given instance of medical misdiagnosis because the injury caused may have been insubstantial or it is believed that it is not something worth pursuing. Medical misdiagnosis consists of serious mistakes that should be dealt with in accordance with what morality dictates. Two leading ethical theories will support the opinion that serious sanctions should be imposed on practitioners or doctors who are found guilty of medical misdiagnosis, and that lying to cover up these medical malpractices are not morally right. (The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Medical misdiagnosis occurs when doctors, nurses, or surgeons give wrong information to their patients regarding their actual illness or medical condition. It presupposes that they were guilty of negligence in the performance of their duties and they have fallen short of the standard quality of care that they are duty bound to provide to their patients. Medical misdiagnosis is very harmful, as it may result in very dire medical consequences to patients, ranging from severe complications to death. (â€Å"Facts about Medical Malpractice†). Because of the dire consequences involved in medical misdiagnosis, it is tempting for anyone guilty thereof to lie about their mistakes and thus deny responsibility. Such act is reprehensible and can never be justified by any moral theory. One ethical philosophy that can be explored in the search for moral justification of lying about medical misdiagnosis is Kantian moral philosophy. Kantian philosophy was formulated by a rationalist philosopher named Immanuel Kant. (â€Å"Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)†). Kant’s ethical theory was called the categorical imperative. It means that moral law is in the form of an unconditional command. For him, the test of morality is universalizability. Moral law must be of such nature that everyone who will be placed in the same position shall be bound to obey it in the future. (Catholic Encyclopedia). Applying this theory, it cannot be said that lying about medical misdiagnosis can pass the universalizability test. Patients deserve to know the truth in order to enable them to take the appropriate course of action, notwithstanding the danger of facing sanctions on the part of the doctor or nurse. The other ethical theory to be considered is utilitarianism, a tradition that was put forward by English philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. According to this theory, â€Å"an action is right if it tends to promote happiness and wrong if it tends to produce the reverse of happiness. † (Encyclop? dia Britannica). Otherwise stated, it means that the thing which will promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number is good. Lying to cover up medical misdiagnosis can never be morally justified in the viewpoint of utilitarianism. As stated above, medical misdiagnosis tends to produce more harm than good. Wrong treatment and medication of a patient can lead to worse sickness or even death. Lying to cover up mistakes will not solve these problems but rather make them more complicated, by preventing concerned persons from taking appropriate actions designed to mitigate the damage done. This cannot be claimed to promote happiness, much less to the greatest number. The only possible objection to this position is the defense that lying can be justified where telling the truth would only cause emotional pain to the patient and his/her family. Moreover, medical misdiagnosis may not be consciously or maliciously committed by the doctor or nurse concerned and therefore, any punishment that may be imposed on that account would be unfair and unnecessary. Such an argument is morally wrong, because it denies the responsibility of doctors and nurses with regard to the very critical position they occupy with respect to the life and health of their patients. Doctors and nurses should be extremely careful in all their actions. They would not be encouraged to exercise the required degree of diligence when they know that they can always get away with malpractice through lying about it. Catholic Encyclopedia. â€Å"Philosophy of Immanuel Kant. † 10 Feb. 2007. newadvent. org/cathen/08603a. htm. Encyclop? dia Britannica. â€Å"Utilitarianism. † 11 Feb. 2007. utilitarianism. com/utilitarianism. html. â€Å"Facts about Medical Malpractice. † 2007. 11 Feb. 2007. medicalmisdiagnosis. com/. â€Å"Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). † 10 Feb. 2007. friesian. com/kant. htm. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Ethics. 11 Feb. 2007. iep. utm. edu/e/ethics. htm.

To Kill a Mockingbird Overview

To Kill a Mockingbird Overview To Kill a Mockingbird is a searing portrayal of racial prejudice, justice, and innocence lost into a complex mixture of childish naivete and mature observation, while simultaneously being a sort of love letter to small town Southern life. The end result is a novel that is both a brilliant rendering of a specific time and place as well as a study in the meaning of justice, the loss of innocence, and the realization that a place can be both a beloved childhood memory and where you first realized there was evil in the world. Plot Summary Scout Finch lives with her father, a lawyer and widower by the name of Atticus, and her brother, a young boy named Jem. The first part of the To Kill a Mockingbird tells of one summer. Jem and Scout play, make new friends, and first come to know of a shadowy figure by the name of Boo Radley, who lives in a neighboring house and yet is never seen. A young black man named Tom Robinson is accused of raping a white woman. Atticus takes on the case, despite the vitriol this arouses in the largely white, racist townsfolk. When the time of the trial comes around, Atticus proves that the girl that Tom Robinson is accused of raping actually seduced him, and that the injuries to her face were caused by her father, angry that she had tried to sleep with a black man. The all-white jury nevertheless convicts Robinson and he is later killed by while trying to escape from jail. The girls father, who holds a grudge against Atticus because of some of the things he said in court, waylays Scout and Jem as they walk home one night. They are saved by the mysterious Boo, who disarms their attacker and kills him. Major Characters Scout Finch. Jean Louise ‛Scout’ Finch is the narrator and main character of the novel. Scout is a ‛tomboy’ who rejects traditional feminine roles and trappings. Scout initially believes that there is always a clear right and wrong in every situation; as Scout grows older, she begins to understand more about the world around her and begins to value reading and education more. Atticus Finch. Scout’s widower father is an attorney. Atticus is a bit of an iconoclast. He values education and indulges his children, trusting their judgment despite their young age. He is an intelligent, moral man who believes strongly in the rule of law and the necessity of blind justice. Jem Finch. Jeremy Atticus ‛Jem’ Finch is Scout’s older brother. He is protective of his status and often uses his superior age to force Scout to do things his way. He has a rich imagination and an energetic approach to life, but displays difficulty dealing with other people who do not rise to his standard. Boo Radley. A troubled recluse who lives next door to the Finches (but never leaves the house), Boo Radley is the subject of many rumors. Boo naturally fascinates the Finch children, and displays affection and kindness towards them, ultimately rescuing them from danger. Tom Robinson. Tom Robinson is a black man who supports his family by working as a field hand despite having a crippled left arm. He is charged with the rape of a white woman, and Atticus defends him. Major Themes Maturation. Scout and Jem are frequently confused about the motivations and reasoning of the adults around them. Lee explores the way that growing up and maturing into adults makes the world clearer while also less magical and more difficult, ultimately connecting racism with childish fears that adults ought not to experience. Prejudice. Lee explores the effects of prejudice of all kinds- racism, classism, and sexism. Lee makes it clear that racism is inextricably linked to economics, politics, and self-image. Sexism is explored in the novel through Scout and her constant battle to engage in behaviors she finds interesting instead of ‛appropriate’ behaviors for a girl. Justice and Morality. In the earlier parts of the novel Scout believes that morality and justice are the same thing. Tom Robinson’s trial and her observation of her father’s experiences teach her that there is often a stark difference between what is right and what is legal. Literary Style The novel utilizes subtly layered narration; it can be easy to forget that the story is actually being told by a grown-up, adult Jenna Louise and not the 6-year old Scout. Lee also restricts the point-of-view to Scout and what she directly observes, creating an air of mystery for the reader that mimics the childish sense of not quite understanding what all the adults are up to. About the Author Harper Lee was born in 1926 in Monroeville, Alabama. She published To Kill a Mockingbird in 1960 to instant acclaim, winning the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. She then worked with her friend Truman Capote on what would become Capote’s ‛nonfiction novel,’ In Cold Blood. Lee retreated from public life afterwards, granting few interviews and making almost no public appearances- and publishing almost no new material. She passed away in 2016 at the age of 89. Fast Facts Literature Study Guide Title: To Kill a MockingbirdAuthor: Harper LeePublisher: J.B. Lippincott Co.Year Published: 1960Genre: FictionType of Work: NovelOriginal language: EnglishThemes: Prejudice, justice, growing upCharacters: Scout Finch, Atticus Finch, Jem Finch, Tom Robinson, CalpurniaNotable adaptations: A 1962 film adaptation starring Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch. Peck won a Best Actor Oscar for the role, and Harper Lee expressed satisfaction with the adaptation.Fun Fact: The ‛sequel’ novel Lee published in 2015 just a year before her death is actually first draft of To Kill a Mockingbird that was rejected by publishers. Lee took what were flashback scenes to Scout’s childhood and built on those to revise the novel into what became To Kill a Mockingbird.

Summary 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Summary 1 - Essay Example At the moment, the restaurant has 9 employees perceived as being loyal. The restaurant has adopted a simple design and purpose. The buffet set-up comprises of numerous dining tables in addition to a big steam table. A family style of service is adopted where customers serve from bowls and plates. In the kitchen, meat would be flame grilled and deep fryers would be used for fried foods. The restaurant seeks to offer quality food at reasonable prices to its clients, combined with exemplary service, so as to make its profits. Looking at the physical structure, the restaurant, measuring 3,000 ft2 and constructed on an acre of land, is built of vinyl siding. The window trim is made of wooden shingle. The location is in proximity to a mega shopping area which has stores like Wal-Mart, McDonalds, Kroger and the ancient Eugene Mall. This area is under frequent patrol by policemen thus making it a low-crime area with no criminal activity having been reported from any store. Even more, the interesting lighting in the area boosts security. The ceiling has small lighting fixtures and back-up lighting which operates independent of generators. Street lights erected between shrubbery hedging surround the parking lot of the building with a spotlight which remains switched on throughout, shining on the front of the building. The store has several exit and entry doors; there is one exit/entry on the side, another at the front and yet another in the kitchen area. An alarm has been installed and it goes off when the back door, reserved for employees, opens. A concrete brick wall surrounds the courtyard accessed through the side exit. A counter blocks off a drive-up window and a door, these having been present since the building was bought, creating a room for serving supplies. In the same area, a cash register will be found. This location secures the cash register and supplements security from indoor surveillance. The store has three surveillance cameras which capture

Educational achievement and attainment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Educational achievement and attainment - Essay Example The relationship between gender and educational achievement/attainment is a complex and controversial one, especially at the vital early level of primary education (Richards, 1998). This analysis will consider the definition of gender, how it has changed over time with specific concentration on educational assumptions, the current policy developments which are underway that are attempting to alleviate concerns and an overall view of how gender actually does effect educational achievement. Some questions that will be considered are whether there are indeed innate differences in raw potential between the genders, whether differences are culturally/socially constructed and whether (and if) differences should be alleviated.First, the importance of primary education must be stressed. As Richards (1997) suggests, "the foundations in learning, thinking and feeling which it provides are essential for what comes later not only in schooling but also in life". This undeniable argument will unde rpin much of the discussion of gender. Second, what is gender The Oxford English Dictionary defines gender as "sexual identity, especially in relation to society or culture" and also "the condition of being female or male" (Oxford, 2007). The difference between a person's "sex" and their "gender" is an important one. Whether one is born male or female in a physical sense relates to "sex", whereas "gender" is a much wider - it is a construct of society in which especially when young, people are socialized into various norms for what it means to be 'male' or 'female', a 'boy' or a 'girl'. The distinction between gender and sex is vital, because while the vast majority of people naturally fall into the various biological imperatives of the sex that they are born into (the trans-gendered apart), gender roles are constructed by society and are more fluid/changeable (Sleeter, 2006). The traditional view of gender within British primary education fell into the constructs which were regarded as received truths so obvious that they need hardly be stated. Thus boys were regarded as 'good' at subjects such as Maths/Science, were expected to be the loudest socially, were more likely to get into fights and would be more likely to push themselves forward in class (Archer, 2003). Girls would be better at subjects such as English and languages. They were more likely to work cooperatively and in teams. They were less likely to get into fights (Archer, 2003). Before rejecting these stereotypes out of hand, they should be considered against actual evidence. Male human beings do tend to be more aggressive than females and are more likely to engage in violence at every age, including when primary children (Diamond, 2005). Males also tend to perform better on Maths/Science standardized tests than females (Baron-Cohen, 2003). Conversely, females have long been observed as being more cooperative and less prone to aggression than males within a variety of cultural contexts (Diamond, 2005). They also tend to score better on verbal tests than males (Baron-Cohen, 2003). As Baron-Cohen suggests, "the female brain is predominantly wired for empathy . . . the male brain is predominantly hard-wired for understanding and building systems" (2003). This is of course a highly controversial point of view, but one that seems to be based upon the overwhelming weight of empirical evidence. The words hard-wired are perhaps most important here. If the sex differences are indeed "hard-wired", leading to the various gender differences in both treatment within primary education and attainment/achievement, then little can be done to change them. But if, to stretch the computer metaphor, the differences between male and female are a form of software that can be adapted or even outright changed, then gender differences in educational outcomes may be more malleable. As human beings are mammals, and as all mammals exhibit clear differences in

Organisational models and country managers' role, Organisational Essay

Organisational models and country managers' role, Organisational challenge in multinational management, Case analysis- Organis - Essay Example This international organisation, World Vision International works for the development of children and people living in very poor conditions and are subjected to huge levels of deprivation and supreme injustice. World Vision International’s operation is based on a religious mission inspired by values brought about by the world Christian order. Though the organisation operates based on the Christian philosophy yet it showers equal benevolence to people belonging to diversified classes, sects, religious and ethnic groups around the world who have been struck by the domain of poverty (World Vision International, 2011). This international organisation came into being during 1950 with the work of Reverend Bob Pierce who dedicated his entire effort for the upbringing and care of destitute children dwelling in several corners around the globe. The work of World Vision International earned further impetus with the support from governmental and political bodies around the world in both rendering financial and infrastructural resources to help the concern achieve its end objective (World Vision International-a, 2011). The paper in this regard endeavours to study the effect of changes brought about in the organisation owing to the level of dynamism reflected in the global environment. It aims to reflect the positive and negative aspects of the changes brought about in the existing organisational policies by hinting on both its productivity and operational parameters. Organizational Change of World Vision International The organizational structure of the multinational enterprises can be studied along mainly four aspects. The four aspects show the different types of international companies operating across the globe. Firstly international companies like multinational corporations act based on a number of subsidiaries across several corners of the globe which are centrally managed by a centralised head quarter of the company. In the second case for international corpor ations the subsidiaries operating in several areas are controlled by the centralised units through sharing of knowledge and information. Thirdly in case of global corporations the subsidiaries are rendered a tight control through the monitoring activities of the global headquarters. Finally in the fourth case the transactional corporations exist wherein the subsidiaries do not act as independent bodies but rather as interdependent units. These firms share potential information with each other to help in the effective development of business in such areas (Kirchmer, 2008, p.130). The World Vision International organization working through several subsidiaries spread along different corners of the globe like those belonging to developing nations pertaining to Asia, Africa, Latin America and also of Middle East nations were centrally managed by its headquarter located in United States. The government of developed countries like that of Canada, Australia and New Zealand rendered both fi nancial support and also helped the subsidiary units to take effective decisions for development of the business activities. This situation however changed after the 1970 period when during 1976 the central operating body of World Vision decentralised its operational process by rendering authority to the several operating units acting in different regions. However still up to the 1978 period the members of the different units operating in the several regions though had gained

Monoclonal Antibody Production using Animal Cell Culture

Monoclonal Antibody Production using Animal Cell Culture Introduction Monoclonal antibodies, in biomedical research, are used as reagents in diagnosis and treatment of diseases like cancer and infections [1]. It has been almost century their introduction, mAbs are still produced from splenocytes fused to myeloma cells [2]. The antibodies are produced by obtaining cell lines from animals immunized with substance to be studied. To produce the cell lines, B cells obtained from immunized mice are fused with myeloma (immortalized) cells [1][3]. For production of desired monoclonal antibodies, the cells should grow in one of the two ways: injecting the peritoneal cavity of mouse (known as in vivo method or mice ascites method) or by in vitro method (Tissue culture method). Further mouse ascites fluid or supernatant of tissue culture is processed and monoclonal antibody of desired concentration and purity is obtained (figure1) [1]. Mice ascites method is preferred as it is familiar, properly understood and extensively used in laboratories in comparison to tis sue culture method which is time consuming, expensive and laborious and ails to give required amount of antibodies[1][3]. Presently, twenty two monoclonal antibodies for transplantation, oncology, infectious, cardiovascular and chronic inflammatory disease have been approved by FDA [3]. Strict guidelines has been setup by IACUC for use of animal for mAb production which includes (i) use of animal is scientifically justified (ii) methods to be used which gives minimum pain to the animal[1]. Monoclonal antibody production (Past to Present) Mouse mAbs This technology was introduced in 1975, which works on generation of mouse hybridomas by fusion of B cells, obtained from immunized mice, and myeloma cells. But mAbs produced by this method have many limitations and is not preferred due to high immunogenicity in humans and due to production of human anti-mouse antibody which leads to their rapid clearance from patient’s body [3]. Chimeric mAbs These are produced by gene manipulation method in which constant regions of mouse Abs are replaced by human Abs. Like mouse mAbs, chimeric mAbs also leads to formation of human anti-mouse antibodies and leads to various immunogenicity in patients thus to make it potent in therapeutics further better understanding is required in their structure and function [3]. Humanized mAbs In this method, complementary determining regions (CDRs) are transferred to human IgG from mouse mAb. There is only 5-10% non-human content in humanized mAbs in comparison to 30% in chimeric mAbs [3]. Generation of mAbs Immunization of mice Screening of sera Spleen cell isolation Myeloma cells prep. Cell fusion (Tissue culture) Hybridoma screening Selecting cultures for cloning Mouse Feeder cells Cloning (limiting dilution) Clone isolation and expansion Cell freezing and recovery Supernatant production (from tissue culture media) mAbs purification and testing Figure1. Flowchart showing steps for production of monoclonal antibodies by tissue culture method [1]. Monoclonal Antibody Production Against various Diseases 5C3 mAb against Tumor Growth and Angiogenesis In this method, S100A4 was used for immunizing female Balb/cAnNHscl mice and mAbs were obtained from fused myeloma and spleen cells using PEG-1500. Hybridomas were selected on HAT medium and further screened for it reaction with S100A4 by ELISA. Clones were selected which were corresponding to 5C3 mAb. Cell culture was scaled up in humid conditions (air 94% and 6% CO2) at 37 °C temperature [4]. Supernatant (serum free) from hybidomas was obtained and purified on column containing protein A with the help of AKTA purifier FPLC system and elutions containing 5C3 mAbs were concentrated and filtered in PBS centrifuge Amicon Ultra-15 which has low binding Ultracel membrane and then quantifying mAbs at 280nm [5][6]. 2-4F mAb against Oxytetracycline in shrimps Oxytetracycline is used as medication feed in aquaculture [7], its overuse can lead to its accumulation in aquaculture food and its consumption then leads to serious health problems in sea food lovers. To prevent consumers from its harmful effects mAb 2-4F, highly sensitive and specific, were produced for detection of OTC in aquaculture food animals by ELISA. Hybridomas were obtained by standard protocol, by immunizing the female BABL/c mice with OTC-BSA, hybridomas were cultured and supernatants from culture were screened for antibodies using iELISA and antibodies were cloned by limiting dilution method to obtain monoclones then in serum free media these moloclones were cultured in 500 ml spinner flask [6][7]. Further mAbs were purified from this culture using protein G by affinity chromatography. The elute fractions were collected and its protein concentration was determined at 280nm spectometrically and mAb was filtered using cellulose acetate membrane (0.2  µm) and kept at -20à ‚ °C until used [8]. Human anti-human IL-21 monoclonal antibody. Interleukin-21 is a type I cytokine with four helical bundles that exerts effect on hematopoietic cells like NK cells, T and B lymphocytes. CD4+ T and NK T cells produce interleukin-2 cytokine, over expression of IL-2 lead to variety of autoimmune disorders. Genetically modified Kirin-Medarex mice were immunized with rhIL-21, immunogens were emulsified with P-adjuvant and CpG and recombinant mouse GM-CSF. Hybridomas obtained were cultured in IMDM containing 1x GlutMax, 1x Penicillin, 10% fetal clone serum and 10% Hybridoma Cloning Factor. Hybridomas were selected with IMDM in conjugation with HAT medium and cloning was carried out with 1x HT and distributed in 96 well Elisa plate and wells were examined microscopically for monoclonality and screened with phosphorylated-STAT3. Wells with positive results were distributed in 24 well cultures to obtained density 6105 cells/ml and then supernatant was collected and cells cryopreserved. Further media with human IgG was obtained and filter ed through 0.2 µm membrane and from this filtered media antibody protein was purified by combing Protein G Sepharose Affinity Chromatography Size Exclusion Chromatography and absorbance was taken at 280nm and further its quality was accessed by size exclusion HPLC [9]. mAbs L317, L363, L386 ÃŽ ±-galactosylceramide:CD1d complex The ÃŽ ±-galactosylceramide also known as KRN7000 is best studied ligand that binds to protein CD1d. KRN7000:mCD1d complex is easily recognized by iNKT cells and leads to number of proinflammatory and immunoregulatory functions. To understand the mechanism of antigen presentation to CD1d by iNKT cell three monoclonal antibodies L317, L3363, and L386 were produced. Primary immunogen was prepared with protein obtained from strain H37Ra of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (PPD) and it was conjugated with the complex KRN7000:CD1d. The complex KRN7000:mCD1d:PPD was studied by SDS-PAGE. Mice were first vaccinated with Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) then after 23 days mice were immunized with 5 µg KRN7000:CD1d:PPD complex in 1:1 PBS and Imject alum. At day 61 booster dose was given to mice, of the complex, with 7106 cells. Mice were then sacrificed and spleens dispersed PBS, cells were obtained and further washed with PBS and erythrocytes were lysed and cells were suspended in FBS/HEPES free DMEM [10][11]. The preparation was then mixed with myeloma cells and centrifuged and tubes with pellet were placed in water bath set at 40 °C and into this heated PEG was added followed by FBS/HEPES- free DMEM and then cells again centrifuged and re-suspended in DMEM. Hybridomas along with MRC-5 fibroblast feeder blast cells were plated in 96 well tissue culture plates. Supernatant from culture was screened and cloning of hybridomas carried out by limit dilution. Then 108 cells were inoculated in 2 liters roller bottles containing 500ml medium and OptiMAb supplement was added. MAbs were obtained by filtering of supernatant through protein G column chromatography [12]. Stx2f-1, Stx2f-3, Stx2f-4 mAb against Shiga toxin, a gastrointestinal disease Shiga Toxin 2 also designated as Stx2 is virulence causes gastrointestinal disease in humans’ world by food poisoning. It subtype Stx2f cannot be easily detected by immunological methods and thus three monoclonal antibodies specific to it were produced. Complete hybridoma media contains Iscove’s modified DMM with NaHCO3 and 1 Glutamax, containing fetal calf serum (heat inactivated) [13]. Female Balb/cJ mice were immunized with His-tagged Stx2f and hybridomas were obtained and screened for antibodies against Stx2f by ELISA and were further transferred to MPCM/HT/cHM media and diluted 500cells/ml and then the cells were grown in cHM media. Media containing antibody (400ml) was filtered through protein G column and elution were obtained in 0.1M glycine giving 5mg of purified antibody Stx2f [14][15]. Monoclonal antibody from EB66 Cell lines with enhanced ADCC activity EB66 cell lines are derived from embryonic stem cells of duck which can be genetically engineered and production of mAbs can be increased above 1g/L when grown in serum free media. EB66 have various other characteristic features like short doubling time, high cell density and unique metabolic profile with low accumulation of ammonium and lactate and low consumption of glutamine [16]. Further, EB66 cell lines used for production of mAbs has reduced fucose content with enhanced ADCC activity. EB66 cell lines produce chimeric IgG1 anti-cancer mAb against antigen anti-X by nucleofection. EB66 clones when grown in Erlenmeyer flask with standard fed batch culture produces 1.28g/L of IgG1 of cell density with 36 millions cells/ml. Further by accumulation of monoclonal antibodies in supernatant culture no degradation was observed in antibody production assessed by HPLC, SDS-PAGE and western blot. When the supernatant was purified with Protein-A HPLC showed 98% mAbs as monomers. Glycosylation profile of monoclonal antibodies was analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS, enhanced activation of the monoclonal antibodies obtained from EB66 cell lines was analyzed by flow cytometry[16][17]. FDA Approved mAbs in market [18][19] Infliximab Remicade ® TNF Rituximab Rituxan ®, MabThera ® CD20 Trastazumab Herceptin ® HER2 Bevacizumab Avastin ® VEGF Adalimumab Humira ® TNF Cetuximab Erbitux ® EGFR Ranibizumab Lucentis ® VEGF Palivizumab Synagis ® RSV Tositumomab Bexxar ® CD20 Alemtuzumab Campath ® CD52 Certolizumab pegol Cimiza ® TNF Gemtuzumab ozogamicin Mylotarg ® CD33 Muromonab-CD3 Orthoclone Okt3 ® CD3 Efalizumab Raptciva ® CD11a Abciximab ReoPro ® GP IIb/IIIa Basiliximab Simulect ® CD25 Eculizumab Soliris ® C5 Natalizumab Tysabri ® a-4 integrin Panitumumab Vectibix ® EGFR Omalizumab Xolair ® IgE Daclizumab Zenapax ® CD25 Ibritumomab tiuxetan Zevalin ® CD20 Recent advances in mAbs production Engineered Monoclonal antibodies Advancement in mAb engenrreing has lead to transformation in this field which has lead to production of new drugs which as many useful characteristics like decreased immunogenicity, improved specifity along with stability and potency [18]. The replacements of murine as well as chimeric mAbs with full human mAbs are boon of this novel technology for example adalimumab, ranibizumab and cetrolizumab pegol. Adalimumab, the human mAb, is created by using phage display technology and now it is the top selling drug in the market. Cetrolizumab pegol has been engineered to increase its half-life by making changes in its Fab fragments [19]. Ranibizumab which is derived from bevacizumab wet AMD (age-related macular degeneration) and is considered as care indication standard. These new engineered mAbs have potential to compete with the drugs already in market and have bright future ahead [19][20]. Biosimalar Monoclonal antibodies Biosimilars are the copies of drugs whose patient has expired and now these drugs can be produ- -ced and manufactured by any company. But due to complex molecule used and then its approval from U.S makes it a complex process therefore most of the biotechnology companies are not in favor of production of biosimilars. Dr. Reddy in India has launched Reditux ® which is anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody and it is claimed, as the first biosimilar monoclonal antibody, by the company. In spite of approval of Reditux ® in India, it is thought that it would not have sufficient data that can fulfill the set standards of developed countries in terms of strict safety, efficacy and manufacturing standards[18][19][20]. Conclusion Monoclonal antibodies are expanding rapidly in pharmaceutical industries with already hundreds of candidates are under development and trials. Both cytotoxic and radiology methods are emerging to increase efficacy of the present therapeutic molecules. Moreover, advances have also been made to use mAbs in treatment of bacterial and viral infection. Biosimilars and bio-superiors are the next generation drugs which can be produced as most of the blockbuster monoclonal antibody are at verge to their patent expiry. The future of the monoclonal antibodies in therapeutics is bright and continued discovery, research and development in this field can take it to the heights that have not been achieved before. Abstract Monoclonal antibodies today have gained a breakthrough and are used in treatment of numbers of disease. Over 30% of the Engineered Monoclonal antibodies are under clinical trials. Moreover, different methods to generate human monoclonal antibodies are present today like generation of humanized and chimeric antibodies from genetic engineering of mouse antibodies, phage display method and transgenic mice development. Monoclonal antibodies are in great demand today and FDA has approved almost 22 mAbs till date and all these are commercially available in market. Biosilimars are also taking up the pace as most of the blockbuster mAbs are at verge of their patient expiry and Reditux ® developed by Dr. Reddy claimed as first biosimilar in India and is half the cost of Rituximab ®.